Bio Exam 3
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- _____ converts solar energy into chemical energy by ________.
- Producers;photosynthesis
- The four basic types of building blocks are: ________,________,_______,_______
- monosaccahrides, amino acids, nucleotides,and fatty acids.
- Consumers can be divided into two types: _______,______
- herbivore; carnivores
- Carnivores can be divided into two types: _______,______.
- predators, scavangers
- Producers utilize_____ and ________ to form________ through photosynthesis.
- water; carbon dioxide; carbohydrates
- Cheetah is considered to be a ______ predator because it hunts predominately ____________.
- Specalists, Thomson's gazelles.
- In Oregon, the _________ have developed resistance to the tetrodotoxin, a potent _________ produced by the_________.
- garter snakes, neurotoxin, taricha newt.
- _____ have become master hunters of the night sky with the use of _________ to map their environments with pinpoint accuracy.
- Bats; echolocation.
- The Nile crocodile is an example of a _________ predators, and their hunting tactic is by _______.
- generalist; stealth.
- To detect the approaching bats, _______ have developed a simple ______ to detect the ______ sound emitted by bats.
- moths; ear; ultrasonic
- To escape from predation, the moths will alter their _________ when they detect approaching ______.
- flight paths; Bats
- The _________shut off their______ when they get closed to a moth, relying entirely on their hearing.
- brown big-eared bats; sonar.
- Using a group cooperative strategy, _______ work together to hunt ________.
- chimpazees; colobus monkey.
- Chimpazees subsist maily on a _______ diet, but they occasionally supplement their diet with meat from hunting the _________.
- vegeterian, colobus monkeys.
- In the past 50 years, a ______ system has been developed to raise cattle in confinement and to feed them with _______.
- feedlot, corn.
- To prevent the spread of ______ diseases, the cattle feeds are heavily supplemented with _______.
- infectious, antibiotics.
- The excessive use of antibiotics in the _______ system to raise cattle increases the probability of the emergence of antibiotic resistant _________ strains.
- feedlot; bacterial.
- The bacteria reside on the human body is known as the __________, they are known as ______________
- normal flora; commensalists
- Microorganisms are found on the mucous linings of the: _______, ___________, _________, ________, and ____________
- Oral Cavity; upper repiratory tract; small intestine; large intestine; urogenital tract.
- The expulsion mechanisms of the innate defence system include: _________, __________, __________, and ___________
- sneezing; coughing; tearing; flow of urine
- The four clinical signs of inflammation are __________, _____, _______, and __________.
- redness; heat; pain; swelling.
- During inflammation ________ engulf and destroy bacteria in a process known as _________.
- macrophages; phagocytosis.
- Pus contains dead _______ and ________.
- bacteria; macrophages.
- The ______________ live in the follicles of hair and eyelashes in forming a ___________ relationship.
- hair follicle mites; commensalistic.
- The two common bacterial venereal diseases are ____________ and ___________.
- gonorrhea; syphilis.
- The bacterial disease that causes most death in the world is ___________.
- tuberculosis
- The genetic materials of viruses could be either _____ or ______.
- DNA; RNA.
- Viruses can only reproduce inside of a _______. They are known as _________ parasites and cannot be treated by __________.
- cell; obligated; antibiotics.
- HIV infects the __________ and destroys the ______________.
- lymphcytes; immune system.
- Influenza virus has _______ as its genetic materials.
- RNA
- Antigenic _______ are major changes in the viral genes due to ___________ between different viral strains.
- shifts; recombination.
- Antigenic ________ are minor changes in the sequence of the RNA due to ________.
- drifts; mutation.
- The last major global outbreak of influenza, know as a _________, took place in _______.
- pandemic; 1918.
- The species often involved in gene exchange that foster an influenza pandemic are ________, ________, and _________.
- pig; bird; human.
- The oldest living orgnaism on earth is a __________, known as the Mesthuselah tree, which is estimated over _________ years old.
- bristlecone pine; 4,700.
- The following factors contribute to the longevity of the Methuselah tree: __________, __________, __________, and ______________.
- short growing season; cold temerature; high wind; dense and resinous wood.
- The life span for the giant tortoise is _____ years, and the life span for a mouse is ____ years.
- 177; 3.
- The verified maximum human life span is ______ years.
- 122
- The life expectancies of early 18th century England, early 20th century America, and 21st centure Japan are ____, _____, and ______, respectively.
- 37; 47; 81.
- The world's lowest life expectancy is found in the nation of ________ with a life expectancy of _____.
- Zambia; 37.
- Recent studies have shown that 50% of the world population live on $___ per day and without _________.
- $2; social security.
- The top three causes of deaths in the US during 2001 are _________, ________, and ________.
- heart diseases; cancer; strokes.
- The top ten causes of deaths in the world during 2002 include four infectious diseases. No. 4________, No. 7________, No. 8 _________, and No. 9 ___________.
- HIV/AIDS; diarrhear diseases; tuberculosis; malaria.
- During energy metabolism in the presense of _________. highly reactive molecules known as _________ are produced.
- oxygen; free radicals.
- Calorie restriction was first discovered in 1933 to extend ________ of ___________.
- life span; laboratory rats.
- Calorie restriction is a diet that reduces calorie intake to ________ of normal consumption, but with a supplement of _________.
- 60-70; essential nutrients.
- Calorie restriction has the following benefits: ___________, _____________, and ______________.
- extension of life span; slowing physiological decline; preventing age-related diseases.
- The main benefit of calorie restriction is the reduction of ____________, in a study involving a group of ___________.
- free radical damages; Rhesus monkeys.
- Agents that can mimic the physiological effects of calorie restriction are known as calorie restriction _______. Resveratrol has been suggested to be such an agent found in __________.
- mimetic; grape skin.
- Cooperation can occue at the levels of __________ and ___________ cooperation.
- intraspecies; interspecies.
- The river dolphins prey on small fish bu swimming in synchrony to create a _______ that drives the fish onto the ____________.
- surge; shore or river bank.
- The four types of intraspecies cooperation are _________, _________, ___________, and _____________.
- mutualism; reciprocity; obligated altruism; facultative altruism.
- Herding, flocking, schooling are a form of ___________ based on the principle of ____________.
- group or social defense; mutualism.
- The emergence of a similar behavioral trait such as herding, flocking and schooling by organisms with distinct evolutionary ancestry is known as _____________.
- convergent evolution.
- Meerkats participate in reciprocity by taking turn to ________, and to _____________________.
- care for their young; stand sentry for aerial predators (eagles and hawks).
- Studies have shown that the meerkats on sentry duty always select a perch close to their burrows. This observation has led to the development of the ______________.
- Personal safety hypothesis.
- Eusociality is also know as ___________.
- Kin selection.
- In eusocial society, the workers are _________ females and ________ to each other.
- sterile; sisters.
- The _________ live in a ____________ with only one ____________ and 30 to 40 workers.
- mole rats; eusocial society; breeding pair.
- Florida scrub jays live in a society of ____________. The __________ stay with the ___________ to help raise the young.
- facultative altruism; juveniles; parents.
- The leafcutter ants harvest leaves in the tropical rain forest. They chew the leaves into a ________ to cultivate a _________ in their subterranean chambers.
- mulch; fungus.
- The leafcutter ants live in a ______________ with only one _____________ in each colony.
- eusocial society; female.
- If the gardeners of the leafcutter ants were removed, the fungal culture will be __________ by a _____________.
- destroyed; pathogenic mold.
- The gardeners of the leafcutter ants control the pathogenic mold use ________ produced by _________ that they carry on their back.
- antibiotics; bacteria.