*9* micro gene reg.
Terms
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- Constitutive enzymes
- Produced constantly (present at all times) Not subject to repression. Other enzyme are expressed only as needed.
- Repressible enzymes
- Enzymes that are subject to repression.
- Inducible enzymes
- Produced by the cell only when needed.
- Operon Model
-
A set of operator and promotor sites, and the structural genes they control.
check notes - Regulatory gene
- Codes for the repressor protein.
- Promotor
- Site of RNA polymerase attachment.
- Operator gene
- Acts as a switch. Controls transcription of the structural gene.
- Structural gene
- Codes for the A.A. sequence of a protein.
- Repressible operon
- Normally in the "on" mode but is turned off when the gene product is in abundance.
- corepressor
- The gene product acts as a ___________. This activates the repressor.
- DNA technology/Biotechnology
-
The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product.
e.g. foods, antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes. - Genetic Engineering
- The manipulation of genetic material for practical purposes.
- Artificial selection
- Breed/Culture a naturally-occurring organism/microbe that produces desired product.
- Mutation
- Mutagens cause _________ that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait.
- Site-directed mutagenesis
- Change a specific DNA code to change a protein.
- Recombinant DNA technology
- Techniques for recombining genes from different sources in vitro and transferring this __________ _____ into a cell where it may be expressed. Allows genes to be moved across species barriers.
- natural
- Recombinant DNA overcomes ________ barriers. Anatomical, Molecular, physical appearance, behavior, molecular.
- Restriction enzymes
-
Discovered in bacteria
Destroy bacteriophage DNA and DNA picked up in transformation in bacterial cells. Cannot digest (host) DNA because of methylated cytosines.
Recognize short, specific nucleotide sequences. - Recognition sequences
- "symmetrical" sequences 4-8 nucleotides running in opposite directions.
- Palindromes
-
e.g.
GAATTC on one strand and CTTAAG on the other. - Restriction enzyme
- ___________ ________ cut btwn the same adjacent nucleotides on both strands.
- restriction fragments
- The cutting from R. enzyme results in "_____________________".
- sticky ends
- These _________ ______ are used to join DNA from different sources.
- hydrogen bonds
- These DNA coming together from different sources are unions that are temporary which means they are held together by ___________ ______.
- Outcome
- A DNA molecule carrying a new combination of genes.
- Gel Electrophoroesis
-
Separates molecules based on size and electrical charge.
Used to separate restriction fragments.
Isolate and purify individual fragments.
Band patterns used in DNA fingerprinting. - Vectors
-
Carry new DNA to desired cell.
Shuttle, plasmids, and viruses. - Shuttle vectors
- _________ _______ can move cloned DNA among several different species.
- Gene libraries
-
are made of pieces of an entire genome stored in plasmids or phages.
cDNA is made from mRNA by reverse transcriptase. - reverse transcriptase
- cDNA is made from mRNA by _________ _____________.
-
Transformation
Electroporation
Protolast fusion
Microinjection
Gene gun - How can DNA be inserted into the cell?? (5)
- polymerase chain reaction
-
Amplifies DNA
Extremely small samples of DNA can be multiplied to high concentration. -
Clone DNA for recombination
Amplify DNA to detectable levels
Sequence DNA
Diagnose genetic disease
Detect pathogens - What is polymerase chain reaction used for in terms of medical microbiology?
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphorism
- Each person has a unique array of __________ __________ _______ ____________, a "genetic fingerprint".
- Forensic use of RFLP
- approx. 1/million chance two people will have matching DNA fingerprints for the few regions tested.
- Subunit/Piggback vaccines
- Nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for pathogens antigens as vaccines.
- Genetic screening
- Diagnosis of genetic disorders.
- Gene therapy
- A therapy that replaces defective or missing genes.
- Antisense RNA
- Complementary to normal RNA. Blocks mRNA from directing protein synthesis.
- DNA probes
- Used to detect and identify pathogens in food and patients.
- Human Genome project
- Nucleotides have been sequenced.
- Human proteome project
- _______ _______ _______ may provide diagnostics and treatments.
- Agricultural Uses
- Insect and disease resistance, Herbicide resistance, retard spoilage, nitrogen fixation.
- Safety issues and ethics
-
Avoid accidental release
Genetically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for the environment. Who will have access to an individual's genetic information? - The operator
- Where does the repressor protein bind?