AP psych 15
Terms
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- Displacement
- psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
- id
- contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
- MMPI
- the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally used to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening puposes
- individualism
- giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity on terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
- external locus of control
- the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
- internal locus of control
- the perception that one controls one's own fate
- Reaction formation
- psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unaccepatble impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
- ego
- the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operatest the "reality principle" satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
- Defense mechanisms
- in psychoanaltic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
- Reciprocal determinism
- the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
- Projection
- psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulsess by attributing them to others.
- Unconscious
- according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
- Superego
- the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement ( the conscience) and for future aspiriations
- Repression
- in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-rousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consicousness
- projective test
- a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
- Rationalization
- defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
- personality inventory
- a questionnaire(often true false) on which people responf to item designed to guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traites
- learned helplessness
- the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
- terror-management theory
- proposes that faith in one's worldview and the persuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death
- Personality
- an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
- Social Cognitive Perspective
- views behavior as influenced by the ineraction between persons and theor social context
- Free Association
- in psychoanalysis , a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
- self-esteem
- one's feelings of high or low solf-worth
- trait
- a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
- Self-concept
- all our thoughta and feelings about ourselves , in answer to the question, "who am I?"
- Empirically derived test
- a test developed by testing a pool of item and then selectiong those that descriminate between the groups
- Identification
- the prcoess by which, according to Freud, children incorporates their parents' values into their developing superegos.
- Regression
- defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
- unconditional positive regard
- according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceotance toward another person
- self-serving bias
- a readiness to percieve oneself favorably
- collectivism
- giving prority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly.
- personal control
- our sense of controlling our enironment rather than feeling helpless
- Psychoanalysis
- Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious intentions
- spotlight effect
- overestimating others' noticing and evaluationd our appearance, performances, and blunders ( as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
- collective unconscious
- Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history