Immunology-Veterinary 2
Terms
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- immune system
- consists of the organs and tissues that defend a body against invasion.
- basic defenses
- simple barriers to invasion.
- mucocillary apparatus
- includes the mucus membrane and microscopic hairs that line the respiratory tract.
- cellular defenses
- consist of many different cells in the immune system that work together to protect the body.
- phagocytes "eating" "cells"
- large cells that ingest microorganisms or other cells and foreign particles.
- antigens
- small peices of ingested foreign organisms which are displayed on the engulfing cell.
- phagocytosis
- the process which phagocytes ingest foreign organisms and create antigens.
- helper cells
- detect antigens on the surface of the phagocytes.
- cytokines "cell" "mover"
- messenger proteins that help to activate and mobilize other immune system cells.
- cytotoxic cells
- produce toxins designed to destroy infected cells such as flu infected respiratory cells.
- suppressor cells
- turn off and regulate immune responses to prevent damage to the animal's body especially after the rest of the immune system has brought the invader under control.
- antibodies
- specialized serum proteins that combine with a particular antigen to combat specific parts of an invading organism.
- humoral defense
- carries immune responses (antibodies) around the animal's body in its fluids.
- immunoglobulins (IG)
- antibodies devided into four main classes based on their structure and biological charactaristics. G M A & E
- immunoglobulin G (IgG)
- the most common circulating antibody. the ones most likely to provide long term humoral immunity. Composed of a single unit containing two heavy chains and two light chains with two binding sets.
- immunoglbulin M (IgM)
- the larges immunoglobulins, made of five units joined together,
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- secreted by the body to coat mucosal surfaces such as nasal passages and other mucous membranes.
- immunoglobulin E (IgE)
- Play a major role in allergies. same structure as IgG but different function, Found on the surface of special cells that contain histamine.
- histamine
- chemical that causes various allergy related symptoms like itching. When IgE binds a substance tht the animal is allergic to such as pollen etc it signals the cell to release its histamine.
- agglutinate
- clump together and lose mobility
- opsonize
- make it easier for phagocytes to engulf
- agglutination
- occurs when many invaders are bound together into a tangle with antibodies.
- opsonization
- occurs when an antibody bound on the surface of foreign material makes it easier for phagocytes to ingest it.
- canine parvovirus (parvo)
- a disease that causes severe vomiting and diarreha and can kill young pups.
- titer
- the level of a specific antibody circulating within an animal's serum.
- diluent
- diluting solution
- passive immunity
- a newborn's ability to fight infection with the antibody recieved from its mother.
- canine distemper virus
- causes acute often fatal disease of the brain and other nerve tissues.
- active immunity
- produced by an individual's direct response to an antigen.
- seroconversion
- development of antibodies in response to infection or vaccination.
- immunization
- process of inducing active immunity against a particular foreign organism in an individual.
- vaccination
- to introduction of a foreign antigen into the body to stimulate an immune response.
- vaccin
- root derived from the first organism used as a vaccine.
- cross protection or cross immunity
- the process by which the immune response against one organism also protects against a different organism.
- attenuation
- any process that decreases an organism's virulence.
- virulence
- disease causing potential
- tissue cultures
- cells that have been isolated from an animal and then grown artifically
- modified live viral (MLV)
- viruses that have lost their virulence but retain their ability to induce protective immunity.
- killed vaccines
- made from organisms that have been treated with heat or chemicals to inactivate them and make them non-infectious.
- adjuvant
- something that produces inflammation or irritation in the body to get the immune system more excited about the vaccine.
- subunit vaccines
- contain only a few selected parts of an organism and vaccines like tetanus toxoid contain only a heat treated bacterial toxin.
- recobinant DNA technology
- a method that extracts genes from one organism and combines them with genes from another.
- vaccinate
- the animal recieving the vaccination.
- antigenic overload
- too many different antigens are administered at one time.
- mild reaction
- short lived inconsiquential reaction to a vaccine. IE lethargy, low grade fever, tenderness at vaccination site.
- abscess formation
- a pocket of puss under the skin.
- reversion to virulence
- can happen if animals are sick or stressed when vaccinated.
- abortion
- can happen when pregnant animals are vaccinated.
- contaminant organism
- when an organism gets into a batch of vaccine and grows undetected.
- anaphylaxis
- massive allergic reaction that involves an animals whole body.
- fibrosarcoma
- a fast growing cancerous tumor that strikes vaccination sites on an average of once in every 5000 cats. occurs several months to a year after vaccination.
- intranasal vaccines
- vaccines administered through the nose.
- lypholized
- freeze dried
- feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV)or feline distemper
- strikes most in young cats causes severe vomiting, diarrhea, and death. Similiar to parvo. Spreads through infected feces and highly infectious long after infection.