Honors Bio Welsh
Terms
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- matter
- anything that occupies space and has mass
- purines
- A, G
- ---Polysacchardies
- long polymer chains made up of monomers// example: starch, glycogen, cellulose
- both
- protein synthesis, mRNA, codons
- objectives: low power/ highpower
- 40X/400X
- autotroph/producer
- .
- .
- # of protons is always equal to # of electrons which is also equal to the atomic number
- trace elements
- make up less than 0.01% of your body
- if codons had fewer than 3 bases, they could not code for 20 amino acids
- because 4 x 4 = 16, (which is smaller than 20)
- Iris lever
- allows more or less light
- compounds
- substance containing two or more elements
- transcription
- DNA unzips and serves as a template, occurs in nucleus
- mendel's 4 hypotheses
- .
- Carbs+ Fats + Proteins =
- ATP
- diffusion
- movement of particles from a high concentration, to a low concentration
- law
- defining of an easily seen occurence in nature
- testing for protein
- Bivret/ turn violet
- ATP
- A + P + P + P, releases enerdy when loses a P and turns into ADP
- ion
- an atom that has gained or lost electrons and become charged
- Base
- supports whole microscope
- adjustments: fine/coarse
- adjust focus
- testing for sugar
- Bennedicts/ turn orange
- buffers
- substances that cause a solution to resist a change in pH
- an atoms nucleus is made up of
- protons and neutrons
- Step 3: Electron Transport Chain
- 10NADH + 2FADH + Oxygen --> 32 ATP + Water
- .
- Eukarya: includes 4 kingdoms and organisms with eukaryotic cells
- experiments
- a control that allows the scientist to isolate and test a single variable /// and an experimental that allows the scientist to
- Observations and Data
- the use of the senses, equiptment, and recorded measurements to gather knowledge
- *Nucleic Acids
- made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base), the only biomolecule that makes itself, it is a polymer and macromolecule, elements: C, H, N, O
- Chloroplast (plant/eu)
- stacked membranes, disks in fluid that trap light energy
- isotonic
- concentrations are equal
- Qualitive data
- recorded descriptions
- levels of organization
- cell, tissue, organ, organsystem, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
- P,M,A,T/C
- ,
- stage
- holds slide and centers light
- nucleotide
- phosphorous, nitro base, sugar
- Meiosis
- ends with 4 haploid, 2 divisions, sex cells, diff from parents, Meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis, meiosis 1- crossing over occurs
- smooth ER
- builds lpids
- aqueous solution
- solution where water is the solvent
- Alcholic Fermination
- glucose+ 2ATP --> alchol + CO2 + 4ATP
- parts of microscope
- .
- covanent bonds
- occurs when atoms share electrons (hydrogen always has covalent bonds)
- water is a polar molecule (the oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogen is slightly positive)
- this allows for cohesion and adhesion
- acid
- donates H+ ions
- testing for starch
- iodine/ turn black
- radioactive isotope
- isotope in which the nucleus decays
- CHAPTER 5
- .
- element
- pure substance that can not be broken down by chemical means
- mutation
- insert, delete, or substitute
- osmosis
- passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- polymers are made up of monomers
- .
- CHAPTER 4
- .
- kinetic/thermal/potentional/chemical energy
- .
- Descovery Science
- the accurate description of natural structures or processes through careful observation and data collection
- Watson and Crick
- descovered double helix structure
- Schleiden and Schwann
- created the cell theory
- Carbon is the main ingredient of organic molecules and ideal to form compounds
- carbon is a very abundant element, it can have up to 4 covalent bonds, it can bond with itself and other elements, and also allows monomers to be linked into important polymers, such as hydrocarbon chains
- eyepiece
- 10X magnification
- unit of energy
- calorie
- atomic mass
- # of protons + # of neutrons
- Step 2: Kerb's / Citric Acid Cycle
- pyruvic acid --> 10NADH + 2FADH + CO2 + 1ATP
- Cell/Plasma Membrane (animal/eu)
- controls traffic of chemicles in and out of the cell
- Nucleolus
- in nucleus, contains parts that make up ribosomes
- Active transport
- cell exerte energy to move molecules across a membrane
- Chromatin (pro/eu/plant/animal)
- 1 form of DNA in nucleus
- Building a polymer
- process of dehydration
- *Carbohydrates
- organic compound made up of sugar molecules, it is a macromolecule, (usually end in "ose") elements: C, H, O
- cell cycle
- M, G1, G2, S
- pyrimidine (single ringed)
- C, T
- hypothesis
- a suggested answer to a well-defined scientific question that may be proven wrong,in the if-then form
- .
- Bacteria: prokaryotic organisms that are all around us
- the three domains
- Archaea: prokaryotic organisms, extremophiles
- CHAPTER 1
- .
- Beadle and Tatum
- developed "one-gene-one-polypeptide" concept
- Protein shape
- proteins can change its normal shape or be denatured because of a change of temperature, pH, or other enviromental qualities
- The Cell Theory
- states that 1. all living things are made of cells 2. all cells come from pre-exhisting cells 3. cells are the basic structure and function for living things
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- developed simple light microscopes
- know cancer
- .
- *Lipids
- water avoiding compounds (hydrophibic), Lipids are macromolecules, elements: C, H, O,
- hypotonic
- solution with a lower solute concentration, cell expands
- *Protein
- polymer made from 20 different amino acid monomers, elements: C, H, O, Nitrogen,
- --Monosaccharides
- simple sugars with one sugar unit // example: glucose, fructose,
- prokaryotic cells
- cells that have no nuclei and lack membrane bound organelles
- Life depends on the properties of water
- .
- Mitosis:
- ends with 2 diploid, 1 division, body cells (identitical)
- theory
- has just as much proving evidence as a law, but can be proven wrong, describes an abstract idea, and makes sense of scientific observations
- hydrocarbons
- molecules only composed of hydrogen and carbon and can be burned and used as energy
- function of nucleic acids
- code for proteins and genetic material // example: DNA, RNA
- know all crosses and types of inheritance
- .
- function of carbohydrates
- provide and store quick energy
- Mitochondria (eu)
- where molecular respiration takes place, releases energy from sugars and other molecules to form ATP
- --Disaccharides
- structure of 2 monosacchardies// example: sucrose
- functions of membrane proteins
- enzymatic activity, cell-to-cell recognition, cell sighting, transport of materials
- light v.s dark
- . NADPH + ATP (dark)> <(light) NADPH + H + ADP +P
- Cilia (pro/eu/plant/animal)
- short hairs that allow movement by moving back and forth
- Organelles of the cell
- .
- it is hard to change the temperature of water
- .
- arm
- handle for holding, supports objectives and eyepiece
- ATP
- allows for mechanical, chemical, and cellular work
- hypertonic
- solution with a higher solute concentration, cell shrivles
- CHAPTER 2
- .
- Mitosis v.s Meiosis
- .
- Cytoskeleton (Microtubles/Microfilaments) (eu/pro/plant/snimal)
- give shape and support and allow movement
- CHAPTER 6
- .
- how enzymes work
- lock and key--- 1.A lock and key have a specific shape to function/ an enzyme and substrate have a specific shape to function,2. A key fitting into a lock is the same as a substrate fitting into an enzymes active site, 3.If the key or lock change then the door cannot be opened/ if the substrate changes or the enzyme denatures then there will be no reactions
- function of proteins
- preform most functions in cells
- breaking a polymer
- process of hydrolysis
- water is the universal solvent
- .
- Franklin and Wilking
- x-ray chrystalography
- rough ER
- has ribosomes and makes proteins
- ---Steroids
- chemical signals like hormones, example: sex hormones and cholesterol
- transport of large molecules
- using vesicles in exocytosis and endocytosis
- Lysosome (animal/plant/eu)
- destroys harmful bacteria, membrane sacks contain digestive enzymes, they fuse with food vaculoes and digest them
- products
- the ending materials
- animal cells v.s plant cells
- both have: plasma membrane/nucleus/cytoplasm/ Plants have: chloroplasts,cell wall, and a central vacuole Animal cells have: a flagellum and centriole
- proteins are made of linked amino acid chains that make a polypeptide
- example: muscles, hair
- cytolysis
- cell bursts
- Centrioles (animal)
- involved in cell division
- Flagella (pro/eu/animal)
- allow movement with a tail, propels the cell or moves substances past the cell
- Science as Inquiry
- Science is used to answer questions about the known world
- equation of Cellular Respiration
- C6H12O6 + O2 yields 6H2O + 6CO2 + about 38 ATP
- translation
- 3 trpes of RNA, at ribosome, tRNA brings amino acid and its anticodon binds to mRNAs codon,
- DNA v.s RNA
- RNA has uracil, single stranded, and ribose instead on deoxyribose
- micrograph
- photograph of the view through the microscope
- cohesion
- water molecules are attracted to eachother
- Membranes organize cell activities
- phospholipid bilayer
- molecule
- wo or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
- solvent
- substance that dissolves the other substance
- ionic bonds
- occurs when atoms transfer electrons, the atom that loses an electron becomes positive, the one that gains an electron becomes negative
- adhesion
- water molecules are attracted to other, unlike molecules
- Photosyntheis
- CO2 + Water + Light --> C6H1206 (glucose) + 6 Oxygen
- Griffith
- used mice to discover that genetic material had a transforming factor,
- light
- occurs in grana, splits water, uses carbon dioxide, makes ATP,
- Cellular Respiration
- use oxygen to convert chemical energy in food into ATP
- variables
- independent: may be changed or the same to observe if there is any change in the dependent variable /// dependent: (depends on the independent) the variable that is being tested for change
- generalization
- putting together many specific observations to reach a general conclusion
- Nuclear Envelope (plant/animal/eu)
- pair of membranes that surround nucleus and control what enters t
- organelle
- part of a cell with a specific job
- Acids, bases, and pH
- pH scale: 7=pure water, >7 is a base, <7 is an acid
- Revolving nosepiece
- allows one to change and rotate through objectives
- equilibrium
- balance, amount of molecules moving one way equals amount moving the other way
- ---Fats
- insulate, made up of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol,
- Latic Acid Fermintation
- glucose + 2ATP --> latic acid + 4ATP
- reactants
- materials for starting the reaction
- passive transport
- diffusion across a membrane
- Nucleus (plant/animal/eu)
- controls cell, houses DNA
- .
- (the formulas are from whayman)
- Lamp
- provides light
- facilitated transport
- proteins provide pathway for molecules to pass
- Ribosomes (eu/pro/plant/animal)
- construct protein synthesis,
- Golgi Apparatus
- modifies, stores, and reroutes proteins and chemical products, obtains some of the products from the ER and puts them in vesicles
- plasmolysis
- cell shrivles
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: (plant/animal/eu)
- manufaction and transport of molecules, network of membranes
- heterotroph/consumer
- .
- function of lipids
- cell walls/ cell membranes, provide insulation, long term energy, and hormones
- Quantitative data
- numeral data
- Robert Hooke
- made up the name "cell"
- Vesicles (eu/pro/plant/animal)
- small sacks that move in and out of cells and the packages from the golgi apparatus
- saturated/unsaturated fat
- all three fatty acid chains contain the most amount of hydrogen atoms
- stage clips
- holds the slide in place
- stage opening
- where light comes out and allows one to view slide
- hypothesis-based science
- observations(lead to)>questions>hypothesis>prediction>experiment
- Avery
- showed DNA was transforming factor
- Hershey and Chase
- determined nucelic acids carry genetic information
- Cytoplasm (eu/pro/plant/animal)
- maintains chemical enviroment and allows stuff to move
- Isotopes
- atoms that have the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons
- Anearobic
- .
- ---enzymes are proteins
- enzymes act as catalyst and speed up and make chemical reactions
- solute
- substance that is dissolved by the solvent
- membranes also regulate traffic of molecules
- .
- Step 1: Glycolysis
- glucose + 2ATP --> Pyruvic acid + 4ATP
- base
- removes H+ ions
- Atoms
- made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- SUMMARY OF OTHER CHAPTERS
- .
- remember scientists
- Avery, Beadle, Chase, Crick, Franklin, Griffith, Hershey, Tatum, Watson, Wilkins
- hydrophilic
- attracts water
- Cell Wall (plant/eu/pro)
- protects cell and maintains shape
- Chemical reactions
- reactants that react and form one or more new products
- Vacuole
- membrane bound sacsthat store undigested nutrients and pump out water
- hydrophobic
- repels water
- eukaryotic cells
- cells that have nuclei and their DNA is seperated from the rest of the cell
- dark ((a.k.a calvin cycle)
- occurs in stroma, makes sugar, releases oxygen
- inference
- logical conclusion based on observation, inferences help redefine general questions into specific questions