Unit 5 Review
From the Scientific Revolution to Technology in the Age of Reason.
Terms
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- Nicolaus Copernicus
- Stated the heliocentric theory
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- French man who wrote the book "The Social Contract". He argued that the government is a contract between rulers and the people. Believed that humans are naturally good and free and can rely on their instincts. The government should exist to protect commongood and should be a democracy.
- Age of Absolutism
- While absolutism developed in the rest of Europe, in England the foundations of political democracy were being delveloped. Democracy rests on the princliples that government derives power from the concent of the governed. (early democracy in england and developement of english rights)
- English Civil War
- War broke out between Parliament's supporters (Roundheads) and the king's supporters (Cavaliers) because Charles I tried to advocate the divine rights of kings and bring more absolutist policies to England.
- Voltaire
- French man who wrote the book "Candide" which was he most famous satire. He believed in free speech and is famous for his sayin "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say". Religious tolerace should triumph over religious fanaticism and seperation of church and state.
- Age of Reason
- A.K.A Enlightenment and took place itn the 18th century. It developed as a result of the scientific revolution and became open to new ideas. Philosophers saw themselves as "enlightened" by their ability to reason.
- Johann Sebastian Bach
- Born in Germany in 1685. From a musical family. Studied music all his life. Traveled and brought new music ideas to the church - challenged tradicion. Baroque style: complax, multilayered.
- Absolute Monarchy
- European countried were ruled by absolute monarchs. These rulers had complete power. They were not limited by legislature or laws. They centralized their power in a number of different ways. They also believed that they had been chosen by God to rule so they are often called "divine right" monarchs.
- Oliver Cromwell
- Leader of the military. Ruled England as "Lord Protector" until 1658. Was a dictator.
- Enlightenment
- A.K.A The Age of Reason and took place in the 18th century. It developed as a result of the scientific revolution and became open to new ideas. Philosophers saw themselves as "enlightened" by their ability to reason.
- Montesquieu
- French man who wrote the book "The Spirit of Laws". He argued that the best for of government involves a seperation of powers. Powers within the governement should be divided among branches of government: legislative, judicial, and executive.
- Louis XIV
- ruled 72yrs. Known as "Sun King". famous saying "L'etat, c'est moi." which means"I am the state". Moved capital of Versailles which became a symbol of power. Expanded frances powers into other areas of Europe.
- John Locke
- English man who wrote the book "Two Treasons of Governemt". He argues that the people are sovereign and monarch are not chosen by God. Believe the exact opposite of Hobbes. People have three main reights life, liberty, and propety. It is the goverments job to protect those rights.
- Frederick the Great
- Ruler of Prussia. Centralized the government and put it under his control. Devoted his live to the Prussian army and made it the most efficient fighting force.
- fallow
- during crop rotation had a field that lied "fallow" (no crops) every 4yrs to regain nutrients in the soil.
- Heliocentric
- theory that the sun is the center of the universe. (Nicolas Copernicus)
- Isaac Newton
- defined the laws of gravity
- Thomas Hobbes
- English man who wrote the book " Leviathan". He argued that the state must have central authority to manage behavior. Believed people are evil by nature and that absolute monarch was the best form of government because it could keep order.
- Scientific Revolution
- A time (1550-1770) when there was a new emphasis on observation and reason in science. During the Scientific Revolution, experimentation because the main method of secience.
- Glorious Revolution
- It is known as "glorious" because there was no bloodshed in England - James fled England and gave up the throne to William and Mary, when they were chosen by Parlament to rule.
- Constitutional Monarchy
- Had limited power. Killed Charles I for believing he ahd divine rights. Signed document to limit power. Parliment chose them. Mostly found in England. Share power with parliment (people). Parliment controlled taxes and laws shared power, military, and religion.
- Scientific Method
- It is a way to ask and answer scientific questions bt making observations and doing experiments. (questions, research, hypothesis, conclusion, results)
- Miguel de Cervantes
- Wrote Don Quixote. Considered the first novel. About a man who wondered throught the counrtyside thinking that he's a knight.
- Charles II
- Was declared king of England by Parlament.
- Eugene Delacriox
- Born in France in 1798. Romantic: emotion not reason. Use of color. Historic themes.
- William and Mary
- Parliment replaces James II with his daughter Mary and her husband because they were afraid of Catholic monarchy becoming reestablished in England.
- William Harvey
- showed that the heart was he beginning of the blood's circulation
- Charles I
- Tried to advocate the divine rights of kings and bring more absolutist polities of England. Seen to bring to much Catholic influences to the Church of England. Tried and exicuted as a "tryant, traitor, murderer, and piblic enemy."
- English Bill of Rights
- Due to this document it was clear that parlamentary power had increased over royal power.
- Geocentric
- theory that the Earth is the center of the universe. (Aristotle)
- Johannes Kelper
- mathmatician, confirmed the heliocentric theory. showed that the planets moves in ellipses rather than perfect circles
- Divine Rights of Kings
- A theory that assumed that God appointed all monarchs to rule on his behalf. Therefore, any policy, decree, plan, or approach adopted by royalty could not be questioned or disobeyed.
- Peter the Great
- Ruler of Russia when he was 22. Believed his country must westernize to become successful. Wanted his people to adopt English, French, and German ways and pull his people out of isolation. Created a navy and started the construction of a new capital (St. Petersburg) in the north. Tripled size of Russia.
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Born in Ausria in 1765. From a musical family. Musical prodigy. Traveled through Europe. Rebelled against church rules. Classical style. Piano concerto.
- Galileo Galilei
- built a telescope.