US History Semester Exam
Terms
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modified lincoln's 10% plan
decided to proceed w/ Reconstruction w/out Congress - Andrew Johnson
- Attempt to reconstruct South after civil war to bring South back into unity w/ rest of states
- Reconstruct
- A minority after the civil war whose motives were wrong
- Radical Republicans
- removing a pres. from office before his term end, because he broke the law
- impeachment
- prohibited slavery
- 13th amendment
- black citizen rights
-
14th amendment
- guarenteed black voting rights
- 15th amendment
- who was protected by the Tenure Office Act
- Edward Stanton
- 5 divisions ruled by military leaders in the south. states had to accept 14 and 15 amendment
- military reconstruction act
- waving the bloody shirt
- blaming dem. for civil war and treating them like traitors
- attempts to regulate conduct of former slaves, often in an unfair manner
-
black codes
- free slaves who rent land to farm
- sharecropping
- why is sharecropping necessary?
-
developed as an answer to economic deprivation in the south
allowed many to survive but not prosper - radical weak pres. who let congress control the reconstruction
- ulysses s grant
- railroad construction company, padded expenses, paid extra to stockholders
- credit mobilier scandal
- tried to regulate price of gold so they could make a profit on exchange
- Fisk and Gould
-
corrupt govt. at state level officials padded expenses. this increased debt
staye din office because they (dem) had the electoral vote - tammany hall
- Republican candidate for election 1876
- Rutherford B Hayes
- Compromise of 1877
- Hayes would be pres if federal troops removed from south
- Railroad Baron
- Cornelius Vanderbelt
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Steel Giant
vertical integration
philanthropist - Andrew carnegie
-
Trustmaker
Americas 1st billionaire
horizontal integration - john d rockefeller
- legal device, board of trustees empowered to make decisions and control operations of a whole group of companies
- trust
-
leader of the New South
created national and international market for his tobacco products
American Tobacco Company
hydroelectric power - james buchanan duke
-
jan 1883
established civil service commision and eliminated much of the spoils system - pendleton act
- regulated railroad rate
- interstate commerce act
- made monopolizing illegal
- sherman antitrust act
- mckinley tariff
- raised tariff, 1890
- labor union of skilled laborers
- knights of labor
- led by Gompers, from knights of labor
- american federation of labor
- founded by american railway union, led by pullman strike
- eugene vs. debs
- dawes act
- gave indian lands
- homestead act
- cultivated 160 acres for 5 years = land for free
- helped stop unfair business practices
- federal trade commission
- inspected meat
- meat inspection act
- lowered tariff by 1/3
- underwood tariff act
- national draft
- selective service act
- regulation of food
- pure food and drug act
- 12 banking divisions with regional federal bank
- federal reserve act
- illegal to criticize effort
- espionage and sedition acts
- simple way of life (ordinary)
- realism
- wanting possessions to make them happy
- materialism
- one nation exercising its power over another
- imperialism
-
collective or govt. means of productions
example? -
socialism
gas and water socialism - us isolates itself from other nations
- isolationism
- (Wilson) US should show others how countries should be run
- idealism
-
20th century idealogical movement through:
education
political participation by all classes
durect govt action through social and political reform - progressivism
-
man against nature
ie call of the wild - jack london - naturalism
- diverse racial and ethnic cultures, which blend into a new and unified nation
- melting pot
- applicatio of the evolutionary theory to social institutions
- social darwinism
- result of work of a washington bureaucrat lester frank ward
- reform darwinism
- large, city-wide campaigns in major cities
- urban evangelism
- greatest urban evangelist
- d l moody
-
a bridge from east to west of railroad
took products east and settlers west - transcontinental railroad
-
began building railroad in Omaha Nebraska
hired irish immigrants
headed west - union pacific
-
began building railroad in Sacramento, CA
headed east
built by chinese workers called "coolies" - Central Pacific
- driving herds over land to RR terminals to ship them east
- cattle drive
- tough hardworking ranchhands who drove the cattle
- cowboys
- unfenced public land the cattle were driven over
- open ranges
-
gave 3 million acres in 1889
gave 6 million acres in 1893 - oklahoma land rushes
- region b/t mississippi river valley and rocky mountains
- great plains
-
lived on great plains
main source of food was buffalo - plains indians
- renowned indian fighter
- george armstrong custer
- opposed custer in sioux war
- sitting bull
- also opposed custer in sioux war
- crazy horse
- movement favoring greater cooperation and unity among nations of western hemisphere
- pan-americanism
- called for all nations trading in china to refrain from interfering w/one another and allow free trade in china
- opan door policy
- in cuba, sunk Feb 15, 1898, 260 american deaths
- MAINE
- lasted 4 moths, US won, took puerto rica, guam and the philippines
- spanish-american war
- destroyed spanish sea power in pacific and left philippines in the hand of the US
- battle of manila bay
- collection of cowboys and adventurers from west, commanded by leonard wood and teddy roosevelt; voluntee unit for army
- roughriders
- repeat of manila bay; US captured puerto rico
- battle of santiago bay
- reduced possibility of influencing voters and frustrated corrupt politicians
- secret ballots
- nomination of candidates by popular vote
- direct primaries
- voters initiate legislation by presenting petitions to their legislature that require the legislators to consider some action
- initiative
- allows people to vote for laws during regular elctions
- referendum
- voters petition to have special election deciding whether to remive an elected official from office
- recall
- 16th amendment
- federal income tax
- 17th amendment
- direct election of US senators
- 18th amendment
- prohibition of alcohol
- 19th amendment
- women's right to vote
- progressive politician, square deal, big stick, 2 terms and pres.
- teddy roosevelt
- every mand and woman should receive fair treatment and equal opportunity
- square deal
- most important railroad regulating legislation
- hepburn act
- believed education of blacks would lead to power economically
- booker t washington
- believed blacks should gain power politically
- w.e.b. dubois
- american controlled canal in central america to link pacific and atlantic
- panama canal
- foreign policy to influence foreign affairs through investment of US dollars in foreign countires
- dollar diplomacy
- emphasized teaching students, not subjects
- john dewey
- denies existence of God and affirms goodness and perfectibility of man
- secular humanism
- applied evolution to christianity
- modernism
- central powers
- germany and austria
- allies
- france, britain, us, (russia)
- sec. of state who resigned after Wilson was too "strong" in his response to Germany
- william jenning bryan
- gen. sent to find villa
- john j pershing
- what sparked WWI?
- assassination of archduke ferdinand
- austria demanded that serbia________ following the assassination
- be under austrian rule
- russia feared austria would __________ so she sent troops to the balkans
- dominate the balkans
- ____ came to austrias aid
- germany
- ____ was obligated to step in when russia felt the need for assistance
- france
- central powers planned 2 step attack
- 1. swing through belgium to occupy paris
- ____ was drawn in because of a previous agreement to protect the neutral status of _____
- england/belgium
- divided loyalties in the US due to?
- hyphenates
- most war news was provided by ___ who controlled ______
- britain/transatlantic cable
- 2 ways US was econimcally tied to allies more than central powers?
-
1. giving loans to allies - as result rade increased
2. trade w/ central powers decreased b/c of british blockade - US sea rights were violated when ____
- Lusitania was sunk (carried US passengers)
- final incident that shifted US from neutral position
- german destruction of sussex
- supreme court decisions regarding race relations upheld idea of _____
- separate but equal
- 3 major point of 14 points
- 1. freedom of seas
- 3 major points of 14 points
-
1. freedom of seas
2. selfdetermination of europe
3. league of nations - where US halted german drive to Paris on june 2 and 3
- chateua thierrey and belleau wood
- one of the costliest military campaigns inn US history
- argonne offense
- armistice?
- ended war so sides could negotiate peace
- big four?
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1. woodrow wilson (US) peace
2georges clemenceau (france) revenge
3. vittorio orlando (italy) territories
- Big Four - who? where? want?
-
1. Woodrow Wilsonn (US) peace
2. Georges Clemenceau (France) revenge
3. Vittorio Orlando (Italy) territories
4. David Llyod George (Britain) control of seas - june 28 1919
- treat of versailles
- stated germany was responsible for war
- war-guilt clause
- buying on installment?
- making small mothly payments until the item is paid for
- speculation?
- buying something at a low price and selling it for a higher price for profit
- buying stock "on the margin"?
- investers would purchase stock through broker, but pay only percentage. Investor only receives that percentage of stock. Broker would finance rest through money borrowed from bank or other investers
- why did drop in stock prices lead to "panic selling"?
- Investors began to grow wary, and out of fear of losing money. They thought their stock would be worthless, so they sold it so the at least broke even
- when prices began to fall, why did banks pressure the stockbrokers?
- Brokers had to borrow moeny from bank to finance the remaining amount for the investors' purchase of stock
- "dump stock"?
- sell stock fro extremely low price just to get rid of it
- 2 factors that cause shrinking market for US products?
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1. people did not need/could not afford additional purchases (had evrything they need)
2. high tariff closed possibility of selling US products abroad - why were banks struggling during 20s?
- noone was paying their loans
- goal of people wishing to distance themselves from wartime pressures and problems?
- "normalcy"
- stock market characterized by rising prices and optimism
- bull market
- black tuesday
- Oct 29, bottom fell out of market, beginning great depression
- stockmarket crash (1929)
- US hoped it was temporary readjustment of inordinaryly high stock proces caused by speculation
- one company totally controls 1 level of production
- horizontal intertgration
- one company controls all aspects of production from start to finish
- vertical integration
- several companies join their stock into one trust which controls prices
- trust
- 2 or more competing companies share profits, thus eliminating competition
- pooling
- 2 or more companies give 51 percent of the stock to a holding company. The major stockholders in the individual companies also hold stock in the holding company. since the holding company is not producing anything and has no management expenses, when it s
- holding company
- 2 or more companies have the same board of directors, thereby reducing competition
- interlocking directorates
- 2 incentives govt gave to RR?
- land and loans
- 2 dangers faced by ranchers as they drive cattle?
- indian attacks and lack of water
- slang term for farmers
- sodbusters
- what brought an end to the open range?
- barbed wire
- ___ were a series of conflicts witht the indians aimed at getting them ____
- indian wars/onto reservations
- positive effect of imperialism?
- growth in christian missions
- after spanish-american war, US was forced to maintain a ______ to protect newly annexed areas
- peacetime standing nevy and army
- progressives favored legiislation that allowed ____ to organize and force businesses to negotiate fairly
- labor unions
- to _____, progress was a process of the natural order that could be aided by government intervention
- reform darwinists
- food saving and production?
- rationing or Hooverizing
- which mexican raided the borders b/f WWI?
- pancho villa
- Ace of Aces?
- Eddie Rickenbanker?
- Why move west?
- mining, land, agriculture, cattle, technology
- 2 siux chiefs
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Crazy Horse (military)
Sitting Bull - rustlers
- cow theives
- "Gilded Age"
-
industrial age
the rich got richer and the poor got poorer - THe Red Badge of Courage
- Stephen Crane
- leading financier
- JP Morgan
- heir to the Austrian throne
- Archduke Frances Ferdinand
- Great War
- WWI
- hot-tempered Pres?
- Andrew Johnson
- Dollar Diplomacy by whom?
- Taft
- Speak softly, carry a big stick
- teddy roosevelt
- progressive era, credit for signing legistlation
- Wilson
- mr. progressive
- rooselvelt
- idealism would change the world
- wilson
- accused of messiah complex
- wilson
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1st major union
conservative
fighting for: lower wages, shorter hours, and women/children not working - knights of labor
-
splinter group from Knights of Labor
divided skilled laborers into skill groups
also fought for safety - American Federation of Labor
- Military Reconstruction Act
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divded south into 5 military groups
each state had to pass 14th amendment
each state had to write a new constitution granting unversal male suffrage regardless of race - positive contributions of radical govts. in South
-
public school systems
universal male suffrage
rebuilding of transportation systems - early in reconstruction, radical republicans gained control of state govts. in the south by _______
- denying vote to many former confederates
- vanderbilt made his fortune from?
- shipping
- 2 negative effects of industrialization?
- lower wages and longer hours
- false belief that only society keeps mankind from reaching perfection
- reform darwinism