Chapter 23
Terms
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- Hegel
- Was a German philosopher who wrote and influenced many others (like Marx) with his writings. He is most often characterized by his 'three-step process' of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
- Ypsilanti
- A prince born in the Ottoman Empire, he fought as an officer in Russia during the Napoleonic Wars. He also headed a secret society called Filiki Eteria, which sparked the beginning of Greek independence.
- Louis Philippe
- King of the French from 1830 to 1848 during the 'July Monarchy' and was the last king to rule France.
- Reform Bill of 1832
- Was an act of the British Parliament that changed many aspects of the electoral system. Gave more seats in the House of Commons to large cities and took away seats from 'rotten boroughs'.
- Sturm and Drang
- 'Storm and Stress' was a movement in German literature and music. Extreme emotions were freely expressed, such as greed, revenge, love and hate.
- Liberalism
- Emphasizes liberty, freedom of rights, and equal opportunities. It supports ideas like freedom of speech, limitations of power, and a mixed economy.
- Frederick William IV
- (1840-1861) Pressured by liberals who called for a constitutional monarchy, he allowed officials to draw up a constitution that would also unify Germany. Meeting in Frankfurt the delegates quickly got into a debate with Denmark over who controlled Schleig and Holstein. Denmark invaded these provinces and the Germans there revolted. The assembly at Frankfurt called on the Prussian military to take action. In March of 1849 the assembly completed its drawing up of the national German constitution, but the reaction had been so successful everywhere else Fredrick William revoked it and set back up the monarchy. Austria and Russia frightened by the German unification forced Prussia to un-unify Germany and reset up the confederation.
- Corn Laws
- Revised in 1815 these laws didn't allow for importing of cheap grain, this gave way to great anger towards the landed aristocracy who imposed them for their own good. Only about 8% of the people inn England could vote causing a need for reforms, but the French revolution scared the nobility into further restrictions against the peasants.
- Louis Napoleon
- Was not only the first president of the French Republic (for two terms), but was also the last emperor. As emperor, he was called Napoleon III and he was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
- Concert of Europe
- Also know as the 'Congress System', it is the periodic meeting of leaders in Europe in an international conference as a result of the Napoleonic Age.
- People's Charter
- A movement for political and social reform in England from 1838 to 1848. The main goals were: universal suffrage for all men over the age of 21, equal-sized electoral districts, voting by secret ballot, an end to the need for a property qualification for Parliament, pay for members of Parliament, annual election of Parliament
- Frankfurt Assembly
- The first freely elected parliament in Germany. It's existence can be attributed to the 'March Revolution'
- Quadruple Alliance
- (Started March of 1813) United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, wanted to maintain the settlement after the Napoleonic wars.
- Peterloo Massacre
- In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), calvary charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws.
- Franz Joseph
- Was a Hapsburg Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and King of Bohemia from 1848 until 1916.
- Ferdinand I
- (1835-1848) As peasant disorder broke out he made concession to limit his monarchy. Metternich fled towards England, and on March 20 serfdom was abolished. The Hungarian nobles who had also revolted ,came to a cross roads, they were trying to centralize the state, but each wanted power for himself. The Hapsburgs exploited the fears of the minorities in Hungry, and they were soon locked n combat with the hungarian government. The monarchy began to reassert its authority, the army attacked the student rioting in Vienna and retook the city. The revolution was defeated.
- Tocqueville
- Was a French philosopher and historian who wrote 'Democracy in America' and 'The Old Regime and the Revolution'.
- Six Acts
- The six acts aimed to prevent radical meetings, like the one that sparked the Peterloo Massacre. It called such meetings 'overt act[s] of treasonable activity'. The laws passed, despite opposition from the Whigs.
- Carlsbad Decrees
- A set of restrictions on Germany introduced by Metternich in 1819 to end reform movements and rebellions.