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Terms
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- Fascism
- a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition
- tennis court oath
- swears the national assembly will stay together till they have a const. monarchy
- coup d' état
- overthrew the Directory to establish the Consulate
- conservatism
- support strong monarchies, resistant to change, act like nobility
- Roundheads
- parliament, puritan
- Divine Comedy
- written by Dante Aligheri, Italian, writes satire
- Triple entente
- Britain, France, Russia
- imperialism
- A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
- the hundred days
- from when napoleon left elba to when he was defeated in water loo
- Royal Absolutism
- king has absolute and undivided power
- giuseppe Garibaldi
- liberal and democratic, invades papal states and gains them
- Glorious Revolution
- mary and will stomp on england and throne, Overthrow of James ll
- Habsburgs
- leading family in the Holy Roman Empire, ruled Austria
- Henry VIII
- English king that left the catholic church and started the Church of England
- Enlightenment
- change in science and thinking, more logic than religion, has many discoveries= church unhappy
- communism
- working for the common good, creates monarchy,
- Trench Warfare
- very intense, nothing ever happens
- sans- culottes
- lower middle class, skilled workers, merchants
- Predestination
- previous determination as if by destiny or fate
- Romanovs
- russian family that ruled prussia starting with peter the great
- Desiderius Erasmus
- religious philosopher who wrote satire, objected to silly catholic superstitions, famous for In Praise of Folly
- Fourteen Points
- wilson's plan for world peace following world war I
- Oliver Cromwell
- creates protectorate
- justification by faith
- the belief that you are saved if you believe in Jesus.
- Jean- Baptiste Colbert
- organizes economy of france, creates mercantilism, works for louis XVI
- Spanish Armada
- attempt by catholic spain to conquer protestant england, england wins and is claimed protestant
- Franco- Prussian war
- prussia wants southern german states to unite with german kingdom, france vs. prussia, prussia wins, will now german empire
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]
- an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
- Peace of Augsburg
- agreement between catholics and protestants to divide germany into 2 religious areas
- sale of indulgences
- : people paying money to the Church to pay off time in purgatory for themselves or a loved one. On of the corruptions in the Catholic Church
- Charles II
- first king of restoration, smart, cautious, partier
- napoleon I
- French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)
- Final Solution
- the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler
- James I
- st, - The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England.
- Calvaliers
- absolutist, anglican, with king
- triple aliance
- Germany, Austria-hungary, Italy
- Nazi Germany
- the Nazi dictatorship under Hitler (1933-1945)
- Francisco Petrarch
- believes the best way to know god is to study people
- Canterbury tales
- written after 1387 by Geoffrey Chaucer, English, writes satire
- bolshevik
- russian social democrats under lenin as leader, communists
- protestant
- n. A Christian who denies the authority of the Pope and holds the right of special judgment.
- Peter the Great
- first ruler of romanav's in RUssia, very cruel, created petersburg
- Anglican Church
- the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs)
- Catherine the Great
- of russia, absolutist, holds a national council for reform, does nothing
- Elba
- Napoleon was exiled to here and could control it
- Divine Right of Kings
- god gave kings the right to rule and kings are answerable only to God
- Seven Years War
- austria wants silesia back, allies switch, prussia wins, france very weak
- Charles I
- is the son of james, nice but stupid, creates the outbreak of english civil war
- taille
- tax
- The restoration
- after the english civil war, after protecorate, Charle Stuart II takes over
- belgium
- neutral, allied with GB, if germany attacks through belgium, gb will attack
- socialism
- one classs, everyone is equal, states own all heavy manufacturing
- Mary II
- she and her husband take over england and the throne in the glorious revolution and parliament passes the bill of rights
- industrial revolution
- transformation of europe and north america to create the manufacture of goods by heavy machinery
- Napoleon III
- emperor of france, supports pope but wants to see austria weakened
- Third estate
- everybody else
- BO el Alamein
- british are superior, britain wins against germany
- BO Midway
- in pacific, us wins against japan
- Wolfgang Mozart
- classis musician
- liberalism
- embrace the values of democracy, don't support women' rights
- Martin Luther
- a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
- reign of terror
- assassination of most extreme phase, have a committee of public safety to persacute enemies of the republic p
- romanticism
- reaction to the trauma of the IR, feel deeply about everything
- 1791 constitution
- king sign having a limited monarchy
- John Calvin
- INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION: emphasized predestination and he rejected the medieval Church. he believed that the church and state should be united under the Calvinist faith
- allied powers and leaders
- ussr- Joseph stalin, england- Winston Churchhill, US- Franklin Roosevelt
- von schlieffen plan
- a. two front war b.)france= more dangerous, attack first, then russia c.) defeat france first d.)attack france through belgium
- Michelangelo Buonarotti
- a famous painter and sculpter during the reniassance that expressed human emotions such as anger , sorrow, and strength in his paintings and sculptures. His most famous work is a mural on the ceiling of the Cistine Chapel in the vativan Palace in Rome. It cover 6000 sq. ft. and is made up of 145 seperate paintings
- First estate
- clergy
- Woodrow Wilson
- us president, writes the fourteen points, on how to make peace
- Frans Haydn
- classis musician
- congress of vienna
- an international conference to restore peace in europe: austria, russia, britain, france
- francis ferdinand
- His assassination was the starting point of the war, duke of Austria
- Versailles
- created by louis XIV, intended to intimidate
- Treaty of Versailles
- A document signed at the end of World War I between the allies and Germany.
- European union
- an economic and political grouping of countries in Western Europe; EU; use the euro as currency
- Axis powers and leaders
- Ital, Germany, Japan_ Benito Musilini, hirohito, hitler
- William III
- maryII's husband, duke of orange
- Humanism
- study of people
- Elizabeth I of England
- is anglican and makes anglicans solidly protestant, creates ES- makes cath illigal but doesn't enforce it
- V. I. Lenin
- took over russia as a communist country
- Warsaw pact
- treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
- Directory
- all major decisions are made by a committee even though most are made by nobility
- russian campaign
- russia invaded france while napoleon was ruling
- Edict of Nantes
- Henry IV legalizes protestant religion and makes everyone happy
- War of the Austrian Successon
- austria vs. prussia, prussia invades austria for silesia, prussia wins
- cold war
- A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
- Second Estate
- nobility, people with a title
- Louis XIV
- son of Louis XII, smart, dilligent, model of absolutism
- Thirty years war
- Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia
- Jesuits
- Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
- pius IX
- was given papal states
- Frederick the Great
- hollezollen, of prussia, attempts to end torture, fails- too many wars
- Victor - Emmanuel
- liberal and democratic,king of sradinia, driving force of unification , proclaims the kingdom of Italy
- Battle of Castelificardo
- pope vs. garibaldi for papal state, pope loses
- St. Helena
- nap. later forced here and where he had died
- Prussia
- important german state, (protestant)
- Otto von Bismark
- hired to unify Germany by will I (prussia)
- Bastille
- crowd frees prisoners
- national assambly
- 3rd estate saying they are in charge, have more peopl
- Leanardo da Vinci
- One of the most famour artists in the Renaissance era. writer, scientist, and inventor (famous paintings: last supper and mona lisa)
- battles of stalingrad
- allies win, german army is forced to surrender (russia)