Chapter 25
Terms
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- Zemstvos
- Local assemblies in Russia
- Nationalism
- Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence.
- Treaty of Frankfurt
- The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany.
- Syllabus of Errors
- 1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state.
- Reichstag
- Popularly elected parliament in Germany. Very little power.
- Ausgleich, 1867
- Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary.
- Zollverein
- Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1834 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs.
- Pogroms
- Persecution of minorities, especially the Jews in Russia.
- Russification
- Policy imposing Russian customs and traditions on other people.
- Carbonari
- A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers; they were liberal patriots.
- Louis Kossuth
- Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.
- Volksgeist
- Idea created by J.G. Herder to identify the national character of Germany, but soon passed to other countries.
- Alexander II
- (r.1855-81)Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.
- Carlsbad Decrees
- 1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- (1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.
- Napoleon III
- Original Napoleon's nephew; consolidated conservative government and the ideals of nationalism.
- Grossdeutsch
- Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans".
- Kleindeutsch
- Little German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Little Germans".
- Bundesrat
- The federal council of Austrian government
- Otto von Bismarck
- (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule.
- "Blood and iron"
- Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron".
- Magyars
- In 1867 the Hungarian nobility restored the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate both the Magyar peasantry & the minority population.
- Count Camillo Cavour
- Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy.
- Realpolitik
- Political theory, advocated by Bismarck, that national success justifies any means possible. Very Machiavellian.
- Leopold II
- 1865-1909; King of Belgium, sent Henry Stanley to Africa.
- Risorgimento
- Italian period of history from 1815 to1850.
- Giuseppe Mazzini
- Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people.
- Constitutional monarchy
- Monarch rules with limitations by the constitution; written or unwritten.
- Liberalism
- The base ideas of liberty & equality.
- Red Shirts
- Volunteers in Garibaldi's army
- Frankfurt Assembly
- 1807-82; personified the romantic revolutionary nationalism. Attempted to unify Germany
- Franco-Prussian War
- 1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor.
- Ems Dispatch
- A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.
- Panslavism
- A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.