US History- Mid Term Review

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Articles of Confederation: * Written 1776-1777, ratified 1781
*Under them the U.S. was a loose collection of independent states
Constitution:Members of Congress: Two Senators per state, number of Representatives dependent upon population
Shays' Rebellion: *1,100 Farmers angered by the high taxes in Mass. were led by Daniel Shays in an attempt to seize weapons from a state armory-1787
*As a result harsh debt laws were eased and business activity increased.
Land Ordinance of 1785: *Nothwest territory marked off into townships
*For each township 1 square mile would be set aside to support a public school
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: *Set up a plan of government for the NW Territory
*Congress would choose a governor and judges- as soon as 5000 free adult males lived there they could elect their own legislature
*Eventually could be carved into 3 to 5 separate states
*No slavery
"Demigods": Energetic delegates of the Constituntional Convention- Jefferson nicknamed
Great Compromise: *Under it congress would have two houses
*Preserved the idea of making the national government supreme
Large-State Plan: (The Virginia Plan)
*Under it national government would have 3 branches
*Gave more power to Congress
*Called for a Congress in which voting power was dependent upon population
New Jersey Plan: *Preserved the Principle that all states should have an equal voice (Equal Representation)
*Only one house for Congress
The Federalist Papers: A series of 77 essays in support of the constitution
Lousiana Purchase: *Nearly doubled size of U.S.
*Cost 15 million dollars
*leads to land democratization-giving more people the right to vote such as the middle class
Peaceful Coercion: *Jefferson put embargo on U.S. ships- stopped all trade because he didn't trust Americans
*New England was greatly effected
Nonintercourse Act: *Forbade trade with Great Britain or France, but opened trade with other countries
*Led to smuggling of goods
Macon's Bill #2: *Opened trade with Great Britian and France
*Whoever stopped impressing U.S. sailors fist, U.S. would put embargo on the other country
*French acted more quickly
Thomas Jefferson: *Balanced Budget- cut funding from military
*Expanded power of the president
*Retooling of Military-"Jeffs" boats
Judiciary Act of 1801: *Creates several Judge positions in Federal Government
*president appointed justices so it could be filled by their guys before president leaves
Samuel Chase: *Federal Judge who critisied people
*Was impeached but not removed
*Results in Judges being more unbiased
John Jay Treaty: *With Britain
*Laid down rules for increased trade
*Set deadline for British withdrawl from forts in the U.S.
*U.S. threatened to go to war with them if impressment of soldiers didn't stop
*Made U.S. more friendly with Great Britain
*So bad Spain thought U.S. had a secret alliance with G.B.
Pickney Treaty: *1795
*Spain gave u.S. part of Florida due to their paranoia from John Jay Treaty
*Also stopped encouraging Native American raids
Election of 1796: *Adams President, Jefferson Vice
*President faces problems with France
*France threatened by Adams coming to power- don't like federalists
XYZ Affair (Quasi War): *1797
*U.S. had to pay to see foreign powers in France
*Letters were published which started an Undeclared (Quasi) War
*All treaties were repealed from France and a navy department was created
*Lasted for 2 years though never declared a war
Alien Act: *New imigrants tended to be democratic-republicans so federalists in power increase the years to become a citizen to 14 years.
*Deported anyone who was not a citizen
Sedition Act: *Goal was to stop people from criticising political party in power
Virginia & Kentucky Resolution ("VA-KY"): *1798
*Response to Alien and Sedition Acts
*Claimed states had a right to nullify unconstitutional federal actions
Election ("Revolution") of 1800: *First democratic-republican in Power
*Jefferson President, Burr Vice
Slave Trade Compromise: *after 20 years no more importing of slaves from other countries
*Legally stopped in 1808
*Important because slaves born in u.S. would grow up with the same culture which was less hard to ignore
"Mad" Anthony Wayne: *Punished Indian tribes- crushed and demoralized them
*Indians were using British guns
French Revolution: *1789
*French at war with Britain
*Genet-French Representative
American Alliance with France: *1778
*U.S. would help French out and French would help U.S. out
*Permanent
Neutrality Proclamation: *President could suggest course of action when it came to neutrality, but Congress had the power to declare war
Minister Genet Precedents: 1)U.S. would recognize appointed representatve of any foreign government
2)Exective branch had the power to establish relationship with foreign government
Hartford Convention: *New England states sent Representatives
*They were all federalists
*Proposed several amendments including a single term limit fot the president
*End to the federalist party
Tariff of 1816: A protective Tariff, which was to protect infant U.S. industries that had sprung up during the War of 1812
Panic of 1819: *caused by the Bank of the United States
*Affected Farmers mostly
*As as some moved west and started farming others followed and there was a surplus of cotton
*As a result proces dropped
Adams-Onis Treaty: *1819
*Spain cedes Florida to U.S. and sets a U.S. southern border
Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833: *after Congress passed a high tariff SC came up with the Ordinance of Nullification-said that any use of federal force against SC would cause them to secede
*Jackson responded by sending troops
Clay proposed a compromise tariff
*the Force bill was also passed which enabled the President to use troops to enforce the tariff laws.
Manifest destiny: "God-given" right to take over new territories (1840s)
sectionalism/nationalism: *Result of the War of 1812
*Sectionalism- loyalty to a region of a country
Wilmot Proviso: *David Wilmot proposed an amendment that said slavery could not be allowed in any territory acquired with the money.(Mexican land)
Texas: *Annexed in 1845
*led to War with Mexico,since Mexico saw the land as theirs, but would not sell it
*War lasted two years (1846-1848)
*both signed a peace treaty, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February of 1848.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: *U.S. got posession of Califonia and land stretching westward from Texas to California
*U.S. paid Mexico $15 million and its debts owed to U.S. citizens
*Gadsden Purchase(1853)- U.S. bought land from Mexico that today makes up the southern part of Arizona and New Mexico.
Jacksonian Democracy: *set up the spoils system-elected gov. officials handed out public jobs to members of their political party
*Rotation in office-any intelligent man could work in a post office or collect tariffs, so jobs like that should be passed around.
Era of Good Feelings: *1815-1820s
*not much political fighting
*Monroe reelected
*Only Republican Party left
Tariff of Abominations: *1828
*clled for extremely high tariffs
*passed by President Adams
*south hated it
American System: *Proposed by Henry Clay in 1824
*called for high tariffs to provide money for internal improvements
*high tariffs would also protect industries, thus increasing employment and income
Missouri Compromise: *1820
*Missouri would come in as a slave state, while Maine would come in as a free state
*this was to keep balance in the senate
*prohibits slavery in all parts of the Louisiana Purchase that lay north of Missouri's southern border
Monroe Doctrine: *1823
*declares most of western hemisphere of limits to foreign intervention
Treaty of 1846: *compromise with Britain
*split the Oregon Country, placing the boundary between British and U.S. lands at the 49th parallel.
Election of 1824: *clay dropped out and gave his support to Adams
*Adams won and made Clay Secretary of State
*Jackson was mad because he had the most popular votes, but not the majority of electoral votes so the decision went to the House of Representatives.
Industrial Revolution: *1789
*Cotton Gin invented
*interchangeable parts
*factory system
*labor unions
*growing immigration
Corporation: a business that can sell stock, or shares of ownership, to raise money
collective bargaining: labor unions would negotiate with employers on behalf of an entire group of workers for a contract that might provide higher wages or better working conditions.
Indian Removal Act: *1830
*Jackson
*Congress declared that Native Americans would have to move west of the Mississippi
Independent Treasury: *van Buren got Congress to set it up
*had subtreasuries in major cities
*federal government became its own banker
Anti-Masonic party: *first important third party
*formed in 1828
turnpikes: *toll roads, built usually by private businesspeople but sometimes by a government
*first turnpike was between Philadelphia and Lancaster, PA. (1791)
National Road: *1811
*westward from Cumberland, MD, through southern PA.
Erie Canal: *1825
*40ft wide, 350 miles long
*cheaper and easier transportation
*businesses boomed along the canal and in NY.
Women's Rights Convention: *Seneca Falls
*called for woman's suffrage
Oneida Community: *NY
*called themselves perfectionists
Compromise of 1850 "CANMUT": 1)Califonia enter as a free sate
2)New Mexico and Utah-popular sovereignty
3)Texas gets $10 million to give up part of NM east of the Rio Grande
4)slave trade illegal in District of Columbia
5)Fugitive Slave Act-make it easier for slave-holders to reclaim escaped slaves
Kansas-Nebraska Act: *1854
*Douglas proposed popular sovereignty in the two territories
*called for a repeal of the Missouri Compromise
Bleeding Kansas: *1856- a proslavery mob attacked and burned the town of lawrence, Kansas.
*Anti-slavery settlers led by John Brown murdered 5 proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek.
Dred Scott Decision: *1857
*voids Missouri Compromise
*Supreme Court rules Scott was not a citizen and therfore not free
*Congress could not bar slavery from a territory
Freeport Doctrine: *a territory's legislature could eliminate slavery just by failing to pass laws to support it.
*hurt Douglas's chances of becoming the Democratic nominee for president in 1860
Harpers Ferry: *1859
*abolitionist John Brown stages a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA in hopes of starting a slave revolt.
*it fails
*Brown hung
Fort Sumter: *Lincoln sends a suply ship into SC waters to bring food to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.
*Caolinians attack
*War started
theaters of war: *East Theater-between Washington and Richmond
*West Theater- between Appalachain Mts. and Mississippi River
Copperheads: northern democrats who wanted Lincoln to let the South secede
First Battle of Bull Run: *1861
*people watched the battle while they picniced
*shows the war is very real and blody
*south wins under Jackson
*868 soldiers killed
Battle of Antietam: *1862
*Lee's messangers dropped confederate battle plans and it was found by union
*McClellan attacked the divided troops, but the battle ended in a draw
*Leads Lincoln to announce Emancipation Proclamation
Confiscation Act: *1861
*allowed the seizure of all "property" used for insurrection purposes, including slaves
Battle of Shiloh: *1862
*North won
*bloodiest battle so far- Union lost 13,000 and Confederates lost 11,000
*soon after Union gained control the Mississippi River from the Gulf to Baton Rouge
Emancipation Proclamation: *issued 1862
*if rebellion had not ended by January 1, 1863 it would go into effect
*set free all slaves in the South under confederate control
13th Amendment: *1865
*banned slavery everywhere in the U.S.
Battle of Chancellorsville: *1863
*Jackson died
Confederacy won over larger Union army
battle of Gettysburg: *1863
*turning point in the war
*went on for 3 days- biggest battle
*Lee order Pickett's Charge- frontal assault across 400 yards of open ground-thousands of confederates were killed
*Union won
Gettysburg Address: *1863- 4 months later
*dedicated a national cemetery for those who died there
*spoke for 3 minutes
Battle of Vicksburg: *1863
*Union gained complete control of the Mississippi River
Sherman's March to the Sea: *Captured Atlanta Sept.2, 1864
*Sherman led troops from Atlanta southest toward the coast
*followed Scorched Earth Policy- burned crops and property leaving nothing in its wake
*Sherman gave the city of Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present
Surrender at Appomattox: *April 9,1865
*Lee surrenders to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse
War Toll: *more than 1/3 of all who fought in the war were injured or killed
*110,000 Union died
*94,000 Confederate died
"Soft Reconstruction": *Lincoln wanted north to welcome south with open arms
*pardoned all former rebels and a quick return of south delegates to congress
Radical Republicans: strongly opposed Lincoln's plan
Wade- Davis Bill: *1864
*before a seceded state could resume self-government, 50% of its voters would have to sign an oath of loyalty to the Union
Freedmen's Bureau: *1865
* provide the former slaves and Southern refugees of any race with food, clothing, and medical care
Civil Rights Act of 1866: *declared that all people born in the U.S. were citizens
Freedmen's Bureau Bill: empowered the Freedmen's Bureau to hold military trials of anyone accused of violating a freed person's rights
Reconstruction Acts: required the Southern states to abandon their existing governments and create new ones
14th Amendment: *1868
*all people born in the U.S. are U.S. citizens
15th Amendment: *1869
*voting rights for blacks
Populist Party: *1892
*opposed high tariffs and favored reform
Homestead Act: *1862
*family could stake a claim to 160 acres of federal land
*the family had 5 years to build a home, then the land was theirs
Dawes Act: *1887
*encouraged Native Americans to give up their traditions and adopt new ways
Newlands Reclamtion Act: *1902
*the government began to build dams to hold water for irrigation
National Grange: *1867
*worked together on ways to solve their problems
*set up cooperatives
Granger Laws: regulated the rates charged by railroads and grain companies
consolidation: buying out competitors and merging them into larger companies
Interstate Commerce Act: *1887
*created an Interstate Commerce Commission that could sue railroads that refused to obey its regulations
trust: a single board of directors or trustees run several corporations
Sherman Anti-Trust Act: *1890
*to outlaw trusts
*little immediate effect
National Labor Union: *1866
*in 1868 it made Congress set an 8 hour work day for federal employees
Upheaval of 1877: railroads laid off many workers due to the depression as a result workers went on strike. In some areas trains no longer ran
Knights of Labor: *1878
*goal was to bring skilled and unskilled workers into one big union
Socialism: a way of organizing society so that the public owns the major industries and makes the key decisions about how wealth is distributed
Haymarket Riots: *1886
*Knight of Labor organized a strike in support of the 8 hour workday
*anarchists rallied top protest police action
*bomb was set off by anarchists
American Federation of Labor: *1886
*organization for skilled workers only
*wanted higher wages, shorter workdays, and better working conditions
17th Amendment: *1913
*direct election of senators
protectorate: an arrangement in which a weak nation comes under the protection of a more powerful nation or nations

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