Chapter 5 EME
Terms
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- rococo
- personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid 1700s and featuring fancy design in the shape of leaves, shells, and scrolls
- George I
- spoke no English, 1st king with cabinet
- enlightened despots
- absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change
- natural rights
- rights that belong to all humans from birth
- censorship
- restricting access to ideas and information
- George II
- made the cabinet that was made from the Majority party in the House of Commons
- oligarchy
- government in which the ruling power belongs to a few people
- constitutional government
- governemnt whose power is defined and limited by law
- Frederick the Great
- king of Prussia, tight control, forced peasants to grow potatoes, gave them tools if they suffered under war, tolerated religious freedom, organized civil service, simplified laws
- Thomas Paine
- work is Common Sense; he rejected prejudice and tyranny, while appealing to reason, natural laws, and the promise of freedom
- philosophes
- lovers of wisdom
- Adam Smith
- work is Wealth of Nations; thought the free market should be able regulate business acitivty, laissez faire
- social contract
- an agreement by which they they gave up the state of nature for an organized society
- Scientific Revolution
- people using science to help discover truth, a new way of thinking about the world develops based on reason and logic and willingness to challenge assumptions//Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo support the heliocentric theory, the scientific method develops, scientists makes discoveries in many fields, 1600s
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- work is the Vindication of the Rights of Women; thought that women should be a good mother and a less dependant to their husbands, and education is equal to all
- prime minister
- head of the cabinet in a parliamentary government; usually the leader of the largest party in the legislature
- George III's policies in the English colonies
- eager to recover the powers the crown had lost, wanted to end Whig domination, choose his own ministers, dissolve the cabinet system, and make Parliament follow his will, began to assert leadership, decided that English colonists in North America must pay the costs of their own defense, they protested, Parliament passed harsh measures, cabinet rule was restored, prime minister was the real leader
- artistic taste of nobles and middle class
- courtly art was favored by upper class or nobles, baroque was deep rich in colors and exciting, rococo was elegant and more personal with families and the nobles themselves were in it and lots of pastel colors like pink and blue, trends in music such as ballet, operas, Handel wrote the Messiah, Mozart was a child prodigy and did operas and symphonies, novels were stories in their time, Samuel Richardson's Pamela--epistleary, Daniel Defoe writes Robinson Crusoe
- Denis Diderot
- work is Encyclopedia; idea was condensed slavery, wants freedom of expression and equal education for all
- Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland
- 13 English colonies
- American ideals based on the Enlightenment
- constitution created the most progressive government of its day, Bill of rights, the new republic shone as a symbol of freedom to European countries
- Catherine the Great
- she wrote to Voltaire and Diderot and listen to ideas, made some reforms in law and government, criticized serfdom where people were treated as property
- The Enlightenment
- age of reason- questioning old standard's/ explanations/ views of the world, using logic/ reason/ and thinking skills, logic and science verse faith, using science to explain all aspects of life including government and society/ heliocentric theory--> scientific method--> scientific revolution--> elightenment
- loyalist
- colonist who supported Britain during the American Revolution
- natural laws
- laws that govern human nature
- salons
- informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and other exchanged ideas
- Thomas Hobbes
- his work was Leviathan, thought that people are naturally cruel, and you need a powerful government to ensure society
- Tories
- aristocrats, preserve older traditions, dominant Anglican Church, CONSERVATIVES
- Voltaire
- work is Candide; used satire, criticizes many things about French society and government, dislikes press censorship and freedom of speech
- cabinet
- small room where parliamentary advisors to the king
- Robert Walpole
- first Prime Minister of Britain
- Baron de Montesquieu
- work is the Spirit of the Laws; he felt that the British had protected themselves against tyranny by dividing the various functions and powers among three seperate branches: the legislature, executive, and judicial
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- work is the Social Contract; thought that society corrupts people, freely elected government, and people would work for the common good- majority rule
- federal republic
- government in which power is divided between the national, or federal, government and the states
- baroque
- ornate style of art and architecture that were huge, colorful, and full of excitement
- physiocrats
- thinkers who searched for natural laws to explain economics
- popular sovereignty
- states that all government power comes from the people
- Whigs
- reflected urban business interests, supported religious toleration, and favored Parliament LIBERAL
- John Locke
- work is Two Treaties of Government; thought that government should be limited and accepted by all citizens from governments to protect their natural rights, rejected absolute monarchy
- George III
- liked control, friends in the Parliament (nepotism), English colonies should have to pay for own defense; colonies protest--> harsh measures, brought back the Cabinet rule, due to his mental illness the loss of colonies and Napolean lead the poeple to see prime minister as their leader and not the king
- Who controlled trade in the colonies
- Britain, Parliament passed the Navigation Acts to regulate trade and manufactoring
- laissez faire
- policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference
- Joseph II
- disguised himself as a peasant to learn their hardships, religious toleration, ended serfdom and censorship, sold Catholic property to build hospitals, treated people with kindness
- Johann Sebastian Bach
- wrote complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs