sol Review
Terms
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- the Balkans
- the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey and the former republics of Yugoslavia
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- leader of the group known as Red Shirts - Garibaldi was helped by Cavour to unite southern Italy. He agreed to unite the southern areas with the north and let the Sardinian King rule
- middle class
- a social class made up of skilled people
- Russification
- the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire
- Sikh
- member of a nonviloent religious group
- Waterloo
- French troops led by Napoleon were defeated by the armies of Prussia, Great Britain and the Netherlands in June 1815 in the Austrian Netherlands
- plebiscite
- a direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal
- Prince Henry
- called the Navigator for his role in promting Protuguese explorations. Sought to spread Christianity in new lands by organizing and funding mor than 14 voyages along the western coast of Africa
- Esfahan
- Shah Abbas built this new capital for the safavid culture
- conservative
- in the first half of theof the 19th century a European mainly wealthy landowners and nobles - who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe
- Louis-Napoleon
- nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, won presidential election in 1848 and later became Emperor. Considered a strong ruler, he built railroads, encouraged industrialization and promtoed public works. Unemployment decreased and France experienced prosperity
- tennis court oath
- after establishing the national assembly the third estate delegates locked out of their meeting room, broke down a door to an indoor tennis court and pledged to stay utnil they had drawn up a new constitiution. soon after nobles and members of the clergy who favored reform joined them.
- hole alliance
- a laegue of european nations
- St. Helena Island
- a remote island in the South Atlantic where Napoleon was sent in his second exile, dying there six years later
- Battle of Trafalgar
- An 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson
- Akber
- Baburs grandson, "great one"
- james watt
- scottish mathematician
- Congress
- a series of meetings in 1814-1815.
- "God, glory, gold"
- primary motives for exploration - desire to spread Chirstianity, find new sources for wealth, discover new lands and expand borders
- Otto von Bismarck
- Conservative Junker chosen by Wilhelm I of Germany as Prime Minister in 1862. Known as master of 'realpolitik'
- checks and balances
- measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others
- Hundred Days
- The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France
- Charles 1
- sturt king of england
- blockade
- the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial trafffic from entering or leaving a city or region
- coup d-etat
- a sudden seizure of political power in a nation
- Invasion of Russia
- Napoleon's most disastrous military campaign. The Russian winter forced Napoleon to retreat and the loss led to his downfall
- Jacobin
- supporters of the san-culottes and extreme radicals who formed the mountain which saw itself as the defneder of the revolutionand the voice of the people led by Robespierre, Danton and Marat
- english civil war
- a confflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649
- Industrial revoluion
- the shift beganning 1 engliend during the 18
- Tokugawa Shogumate
- a dynasty of shoguns that ruled a unified Japan from 1603 to 1867
- kaiser
- a German emperor
- balance of power
- a political situation
- enclosure
- one of the fenced in or hedged in fileds created by wealthy briush
- Guerilla warfare
- a member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprice attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country
- capitalism
- a economic systom based on privet ownership
- agricultural revolutuon
- landowning experimanted
- continental system
- Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy
- concert of europe
- a series of alliances among european nations in the 19th century
- Taj mahal
- most beautiful Building
- Restoration
- when england restored the monarchy by bringing charles 2 to the throne
- Mughal
- one of the nombes who invaded the Indian subcontinent in the 16th century
- napoleonic code
- a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
- Glorious Revolution
- the bloodless overthrow of the endlish james 2
- urbanization
- the growth of cities
- corp rotqation t
- the system of growing a different crpo in a fied
- lycee
- a government-run public school in France
- Elba Island
- Island off the coast of Italy where Napoleon was sent to exile
- compass
- an instrument for determining directions by means of a freely rotating magnetized needle that indicates magnetic north
- sans-culottes
- literally translates into "without breeches", in the French revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices and an end to food shortages
- federal system
- a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states
- Camillo di Cavour
- known for leading Italian unification, he was named prime minister of Sardinia in 1852. Joined Napoleon III to drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces in 1858
- oliver cormwell
- Puritan general in english civil war became military dictator in 1653
- factures
- large buildings in which peolpe make thngs
- emigre
- a person who leaves his native country for poitical reasons, like the nobles and tohers who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French revolution
- Aurangzeb
- 3rd son of shah Jahan of mughal empire in india
- Babur
- 11 year old boy who inherited a kindom
- constitutional monarchy
- a system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law
- old regime
- the social and political system of france where the people were divided in three large social classes or estates
- Reign of Terror
- the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed
- Cutch East India Company
- a company founded by the Dutch inteh early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and established dominance over the region
- utilitarianism
- economic philosophy develuped by jeremy bentham
- nation-state
- a political state whose people also share the same language and culture
- bill of rights
- the first ten amendments to the US Constitution which protect citizen's basic rights and freedoms
- corperation
- buisness organization
- louis XVI
- bourbon king during the french revolution, beheaded during the reign of terror
- Qing Dynasty
- China's last dynasty which ruled from 1644-1912 and expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet
- Maximilien Robespierre
- Jacobin leader who along with his supporters, set out to build a republic of virtue by wiping out ever trace of France's past. As leader, he governed as a dictator during the Reign of Terror
- legitimacy
- the hereditary right of a monarch to rule
- realpolitik
- the politics of reality
- Zheng He
- a Chinese Muslim admiral, he led all seven voyages of exploration under the Ming Dynasty from 1405-1433. The fleets were light huge floating cities and covered long distances
- factures of production
- the resources including land laber and capital
- marie antoinette
- french queen and wife of louis XVI, member of the royal family of austria and unpopular among the french, known as madame deficit, beheaded
- william and mary
- king and queen of england after the glorious revolution; ruled under a limited monarchy
- Vasco de gama
- a Portuguese explorer credited with giving Portugal a direct sea route to India. The cargo from the 27,000 mile trip was worth 60 times the cost of the voyage
- petition of right
- document signed by charles I in 1628 which limited the monarch's power
- roundheads
- puritan supporters of parliament, fighting the english civil war from 1642-1649
- Caravel
- sturdier than earlier ships traingular sails adopted from the Arabs helped vessel to sail effectively against the wind
- Alexander II
- son of Czar Nicholas, hoped to move Russia toward modernization and social change. He issued the Edict of Emancipation, resulting in partial freedom of 20 million serfs. Assassinated by terrorists in 1881
- cabinet
- a group of advisors or ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions
- entrepurner
- a person who organizez
- Shoh 'Jahan
- son of 'Jahangir
- great fear
- a wave of senseless panic that spread through the french countryside after the storming of the Bastille of 1789
- Bartolomeu Dias
- an early Prtuguese exploere known for his statement about his motives: "To serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do."
- factury act of 1819
- first facture act in britain
- adom smith
- auther of the wealth of nations
- declaration of independence
- written by Thomas Jefferson, reflected ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment
- stock
- a share of ownership in a buisness
- liberal
- in the first half of the 19th century a European - mainly middle class business leaders and merchants-who wanted to give more political pwer to elected parliaments, encorporating enlightening ideas
- Habeas corpus
- A document requiring thet a prisoner be brought to a judge
- laissez faire
- economic principle that government should not regulate business
- scorched-earth policy
- the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land
- eli whitney
- americon inventor the made a machine that removed seeds from cotton
- industrealization
- the divelupment of industres
- estate
- social class system in france consisting of three large groups, credited for fostering great inequities among the people by determining legal rights and status. the first estate was made up of catholic clergy, the second was nobility and the third was everyone else - 97% were third
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- French general who overthrew the Directory; proclaimed himself emperor and created a French empire in Europe
- Ming Dynasty
- a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644, the dominant power in Asia. Vassal state from Korea to Southeast Asia paid regular tribute - payment by one country to another to acknowledge its submission
- radical
- in the first half of the 19th century, a Eurpoean who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people
- Treaty o Tordesillas
- a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, delaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic ocean would belong to Spain and those to the east would belong to Portugal
- Manchus
- as people, native to Manchuria, who ruled China during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), ruling for more than 260 years and expanding China's borders
- Junker
- strongly conservative member of Prussia['s wealthy landowning class
- Klemens von metternich
- an austris chief minister
- astrolabe
- a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees by which a sea captian could calculate the ship's latitude (how far north or south of the equator)
- nationalism
- in the belief that people should be loyal maily to their nation
- Daimyo
- a japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai