World Cultures Chapter 22 Test
Terms
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True or False
In Latin America, Social inequality and economic hardship led to rest and stability. -
False
In Latin America, Social inequality and ecomonic hardship led to UNrest and INstability -
a revolt usually by military leaders, against a nation's government
*in LA when unrest threatened law and order, the military would often state this. - coup d'etat
- as Latin American nations madernized their economies, the gap between ___ and ___ widened.
- the rich and the poor
- the urban working class and the rural poor had little of no _____
- education
-
*leftists
*rightists -
*liberals
*conservatives -
*lefts demanded _____
and supported ______
*rights favored preservation of the traditional _______
wanted to _____ the wealth and power of landlords and industrialists -
* radical change
socialism
*social order
protect - as Latin American nations modernized, _______ became a major issue
- land reforms
- only ____, _____, and _____ had social revolutions that brought basic changes.
- Mexico, Cuba, and Nicaragua
- poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment fueled dicontent in ______?
- Cuba
- 1959, this new 'ruler' seized power and has ruled ever since in Cuba
- Fidel Castro
- Castro set up a one-party rule and therefore Cuba became a ______ nation.
- socialist
- because of these actions made by Castro, the United States placed an _____ on Cuba, because they thought they were communist because of their interaction with the Soviet Union.
- embargo
- a complete halt to trade
- embargo
- the ruler that was overthrown in 1979, by rebels in Nicaragua
- Anastasio Somoza
- then after Anastasio's overthrowence, the _____ _____ gained control of the government
- leftist Sandinistas
- the Sandinistas were under who?
- Daniel Ortega
- the forces that opposed the Sandinistas were?
-
the contras
*the United States helped them - in 1990, the new government in Nicaragua was led by?
- Violeta Chamorro
- in the 1960s-1970s ____, some sought power through democratic means all across LA, and others sought power through guerilla warfare.
- leftists
- the response to the leftists taking control was the ____ and the _____ seizing power
- the military and the right wing
- the democratically elected president in Chile was _____ and then was overthrown by ______
-
Salvador Allende
then
General Augusto Pinochet - Pinochet accused Allende of leading Chile towards ______
- communism
- in the 1980s, _____ groups, human rights activists, and ______ church pushed for democractic elections.
- women's ; Catholic
- economic growth had an impact from _______ and economic nationalism
- World War II
- _____ concluded in making challenges to the economic developments
- population explosions
-
in the 1980s, rising interst rates triggered a ______ crisis that slowed development
many nations borrowed to build industries. they had to pay a third of their foreign earnings on interst payments - debt
- the recover from all the challenges the government _______ and _______.
- lowered tariffs and encouraged foreign investment
- jobs are harder to find in ____
- the cities
- in the cities, because of the minimum of jobs...____ are still low
- wages
- ____ in the urban life are better than in the rural life
- slums
- majority of people in poor countries live here?
- rural areas
- tenant farmers get small land for labor, get no pay and if they need it they have to borrow it, which then gets them into debt
- rural life
- the government neglected the needs of people in ______ areas, there fore they move to the _____
- rural, cities
- ___ is strong everywhere through out LA
- family life
- ___ are dominant in households
- men
- ___ is where the girls work with their mothers and prepare food, carry water, and look after the young. and the boys take after what their fathers do
- rural areas
- in the cities, children have more ______, more ______, there is child labor, many poor children rummage through trash, and crimes and _____ lure children in for money
- freedom, opportunities, drugs
- in ____ women do not question their _____, they have no education, they are ______.
- rural, husbands, illiterate
- in the cities, women have more _____ outside the home, and more ______ degrees
- jobs, university
- 90% of LA is in the ____ church
- Catholic
- in the ____ the ties in the church weaken
- cities
- _____ theology created divisions within the church
- liberation
- calling on the church to take a more active role in changing the conditions that contributed to poverty
- liberation theology
-
el norte = ?
this happened because of _____ refugees and ____ refugees -
The North (United States)
polictical, economic -
an agricultural community
land reforms divided haciendas into these - ejidos
- trade that had low tariffs and no restrictions
- free trade
- a foreign-owned plant in which local workers assemble parts into finished goods
- maquiladoras
- a period of sharp increases in prices
- inflation
- shares border with the United States
- Mexico
- very diverse, the north is made up of ruggesd mountains containing a wealth of minerals
- Mexico
- inland has rainforests and deserts, including the central plateau
- Mexico
-
97 million people
worlds most populous Spanish-speaking country
mostly made up of mestizos - Mexico
- NA is still strong, 60 groups speak about 40 languages
- Mexico
-
38% of the population are under the age of 15
*they need schooling and then later on finding jobs will be a challenge, which leads to POVERTY - Mexico
- 1876-1911, first caudillo. he benefitted the wealthy class, rest of the population, the poorer just got poorer
-
Porfirio Diaz
*Mexico* - revolts overthrew Diaz and ended up with an 11 year civil war...why? because they had to fight over control of power
- Mexico
- 90% of peasants own no land at all
- Mexico
- 1917 adopted a new constitution, which calle dfor giving land to peasants, protectin the rights of workers, and limiting t he power of the Catholic Church
- Mexico
- 1930s President ______ promoted land reforms
-
Lazaro Cardenas
*Mexico* -
1929-200 the PRI took control
*critics thought of them as: they use fraud and ciolence to stay in power - Mexico
- in 2000 PRI lose a race to Vicente Fox Quesada from _____
-
PAN
*Mexico* - after revolution became a _____ economy
-
mixed
*Mexico* - poverty still remains a major concern
- Mexico
- government had to import food to feed everyone
- Mexico
- government put high tariffs on imports because of the economic nationalism, so factories began producing goods such as cars and appliances
- Mexico
- 4th largest oil producer
- Mexico
- 1980s, oil prices plunged and interest rates on loans rose this got ____ in a deep debt
- Mexico
-
signed NAFTA ( made a huge market with no tariffs and free trade)
also signed free trade agreements with European Union - Mexico
- free trade made growth of the ______
-
maquiladoras
*Mexico* - challenges are mostly natural disasters
- Mexico
-
covers half of South America
coast is most desirable - Brazil
- has the sertao, amazon basin, and Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
- in the N.E., a dry region covered with scrub
- sertao
-
162 million people
5th largest population in the world - Brazil
-
has 4 main groups:
-Indians (smallest)
-Blacks (50%) --RACISM IS A BIG ISSUE
-Portugese
-Japanese - Brazil
- 1/3 of the population is under the age of 15
- Brazil
- until 1930s, depended on this single crop?
-
coffee
*Brazil* - ruled from 1930-1945 tried to lessen their dependance on one crop
-
Getulio Vargas
*Brazil* - 1950s an elected president ________, set out to pack 50 years of progress in 5 years
-
Juscelino Kubitschek
*Brazil* - Kubitschek left huge debt, and unrest grew
- Brazil
-
1964 the army seized power
-welcomed foreign investment - Brazil
-
miliatry invented gasohol
(ended dependence on oil) - Brazil
- "____ miracle" benefited on the upper and middle class and foreigners
-
Brazilian
*Brazil* -
debt was a serious problem
and environmentally safe ways of modernizing was a problem too - Brazil
-
one of the largest countries in the world
-pampas
-Buenos Aires = capitol - Argentina
-
36 million people
-most live in cities
-most live in Buenos Aires
-few NA
-1/2 of population is in the middle class - Argentina
- not a stable governemtn
- Argentina
-
1946 Peron was elected president (dictator)
-Eva was his wife
-she manipulated people for their money
-when she died, peron was exiled
*then he came back in 1973 - Argentina
-
1955 the army seized power
ruled from 1955-1983
sometiems directly and sometimes by controlling elected leaders - Argentina
- when Peron died, Isabell (his new wife) became president
- Argentina
-
1976, military took rule again and made a 'dirty war'
-unrest
-30,000 people disapeared - Argentina
- 1982, took control of Falkland Island and then the British took them back
- Argentina
- 1983 democracy was restored
- Argentina
- 1989 new president was voted
- Argentina
-
1980s runaway inflation hurt workers and employers
-1985 inflation reached 1000%
*huge foreign debt* - Argentina
- making money through pampas and their meats
- Argentina
- Latin American problems were:
-
1) social inequality
2) dependance on Europe and U.S.
3) political divisions-revolts
4) geographic barriers, lead to regionalism -
these did not work, not a great solution
-poverty = uneven land distribution
-u.s. thought this was bad and thought of it as communism - land reform
- because of _____ Chile, in 1969, killed Salvador for the _____
- land reforms, land reforms
- in ____, civil wars over the land reforms
- El Salvador
- Cuban revolution took place in?
- 1959
- Fidel Castro =
- a communist (Marxist)
- Cuba aligned with
-
the Soviet Union
*ticked U.S. off - Fidel Castro nationalized most of the ???
- sugarlands