GLOBAL MIDTERM 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- neolithic period
-
the new stone age
people learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals - what was the old stone age called
- paleolithic age
- prehistoric
- before there were records
- neolithic revolution
- agricultural revolution-the shift from food-gathering to food-producing culture
- what did people do before the neolithic revolution?
- hunting and gathering
- what might have been some reaosns for the agricultural revolution?
-
1. change in climate-rising temps for longer growing seasons and lrider land for cultivating wild grasses
a rich supply in grain could have produced a small population boom
as populations grew, hunter-gathers felt pressure to find new food sources, like farming-a steady source of food - when did prehistoric time end in the Middle East?
- in Sumeria-5,000 BC
- where was the first writing system?
- sumeria
- what archeological site influenced our knowledge of prehistoric village life?
- catal huyuk
- 5 characteristics of a civilization
- 1)advanced CITIES 2) specialized workers 3) complex institutions 4) record keeping 5) advanced technology
- derivation of civilization
- derives from teh word city-cities were the virthplace of the first civilizations
- artifact
- remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects that might hint at how people dressed, what work they did, or how theyworshipped
- early human accomplishments last
-
tools: 1. cooper 2. bronze 3. iron
neolithic: polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, raise animals - what people were the first toolmakeers?
- homo habilis
- what people were the first to use fire?
- homo erectus "upright man"
- what does the shanidar cave site teach us about neanderthals?
- that they developed religious beliefs and performed rituals
- what were the purpose of pyramids?
- afterlife for pharaoh-tombs
- who was divine according to egyptian theocracy?
- pharoah
- what was the formal egyptian writing system?
- hyroglyphics
- what was the importance of the nile for transporation?
- it was a reliable source of transportation between upper and lower egypt. the nile flows north so northbound boats could drigt with the current. the ease of contact made possible by this watery highway helped unify egypt's villages and promote trade.
- what part of the nile did the egyptians know and why?
-
the lower part-the trade part
the upper part was filled with cataracts (rocky waterfals) - define theocracy
- government where ruler is a divine figure or a government based on religion
- where was the first example of feudalism?
- china-zhou dynasty
- identify sargon of Akkrad
- conqueror who defeated city-states of sumer and created the worlds first empire
- reason for limited knowledge about indus valley civilization
- no translators key for records
- what was the natural barrier separating india and china
- himalayan mountains
- composition of the Shang ruling class
-
1) King 2) Warriors and nobles
SHARP DIVISION
3)peasants - what is the covenant?
- mutual promise between god and the founder of the Hebrew people, abraham. Abraham promised to obey God and God promised to protect abraham and his descendents
- who allowed the temple of jerusalem to be rebuilt?
- persian king cyrus
- common belief of hindiusm and buddhism
- 1) reincarnation 2) ahimsa
- accomplishments of solomon
-
built a trading empire
beautified the capital city of jerusalem
built the great temple - who descended from indo-europeans?
- hitties, aryans, greeks, balts, maccedonians, italics, greeks
- what caused the spread of buddhism?
-
1. most effective=trade
2. missionaries - describe the torah
- 5 first books of the hewbrew bible that desribe most of what we know about the early history of the hebrews. hebrews consider them the most sacred writings in their tradition
- describe the indian caste system
-
1. brahmins=priests
2. shatria=warriors
3. vaisya=merchants and artisans
4. sudrah=laborers and farmers
outside caste system:
untouchables - cultural diffusion between hittites and babylonians
-
-hitties adopted akkadian language of the babylonians they conquered
-borrowed idea about literature, ar, politics, and law from the mesopotamian peoples they encountered
-their legal code was similar to hammarabis
-blended their culture w/ the more advanced babylonian culture
-got chariot from babylonians - who expelled the hebrews from judah in the first diaspora?
- the assyrians
- relationship between egypt and nubia during the new kingdom period
-
pharaohs forecefully imposed egyptian rule on nubia's next great kingdom, Kush
egyptian governors, priests, soldiers, and artisits strongly infleunced the nubians
kushite princes went to egypt and learend the egyptian language and worshiped egyptian gods
adopted customs and clothing styles of egyptian upper class
kushite nobles returned home w/ royal rituals and hieroglyphics
built pyramids based on hyptians
when kush regained independence it still guarded egypts values and conquered egypt and its libyan rulers - response of kush to assyrian conquest of egypt
- they fought bravely, bc they felt they were guardians of egyptian values. but were forced to retreat south up the nile by the assyrians. there, they experienced the wealth and golden age in Meroe
- why was darius an effective ruler?
-
divided the empire into 20 provinces
installed a governor called satraps to each
built royal road
established a bureucracy - bureaucracy
- a trained civil service, or those who run the government
- what was the purpose of confucius stressing the five relationships?
- to establish ordey and harmony in government
- what were the five relationshisp
-
1) ruler and subject
2) father and son
3) husband and wife
4) older brother and younger brother
5) friend and friend - what was essential to the creation of the new kingdom in egypt?
- the pharoahs sought to strengthen egypt by building an empire
- how was china unified?
-
Leader Shi Huangdi during the qin dynasty
built a highway network
set uniform standards of writing, law, currency, and weights and measures
carved china into 36 administrative districts w/ qin officials to control them - what empire first developed a specicialed army?
- the assyrians
- why is legalism important?
- legalists ideas gained favor by qin dynasty, which put down oppositions at home and unified china
- legalism
- legalists believed that a highly effieicent and powerful government was the key to restoring order. they believed the government should use laww to end civil disorder and restore harmony
- 2 founders of legalism
- hanfeizi and li si
- what does acropolis mean?
- a fortified hilltop on which male citizens in greece gathered to conduct business
- who was solon?
- solon was a trusted stateman who get power of athens to reform the law.
- what didsolon do for athens that was good?
-
outlawed debt slavery
allowed all citizens to participate and debate policies in the athenian assembly
introduced the legal concept that any citizens could bring charges against wrongdoers
his economic reforms benefited many - the republic
- the most famous work of plato, a student of the critic of sohpists, socrates. in it, plato set forth his vision of a perfectly governed society. it was not a democracy. in his ideal society, all citizens would fall naturally into 3 group: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class. the smartest person would be king
- who conquered greece after the peloponnesian war?
- philip II of maccedonia
- what city became the center of learning during the hellenistic period?
- alexandria
- who created the first written law code in athens?
- greek lawmaker draco
- what did the first legal code deal with?
-
mainly with contracts and property ownership
included unfair practices such as debt slavery, in which small farmers worked as slaves to repay their debts - what was a helot?
- peasants forced to stay on the land they worked. each year, the spartans demanded half of the helots yearly crop.
- who became helots and when?
- messenians whhen sparta conquered them
- chronological order of the people who dominated greece
-
1. mycenneans
2. dorians
3. city-states
4. maccedonians
5. antiginee - writers of greek tragedies
- euripedes, sophocles, aeschylus
- chronological order of greek wars
-
1. trojan
2. persian
3. peloponnesian
4. alexanders conquest-battles - trojan war between..
- mycenaean kings and troy
- why?
- bc they thought war was inevitable.tension
- who won
- idk, but not long after the mycenaean civilization collasped
- persian war..between who?
- greece and persian empire?
- who won?
- sparta
- pelopennesian war..between who?
- sparta and athens
-
all of the following were activites for the paleolithic nomads except:
1. digging up plants
2. kaing and repairing tools
3. protecting flocks and herds
4. finding secure places to rest - 3
- who were the first early people to be skeletally identical to modern humans?
- cro-magnons
- a peoples way of life is called that peoples
- culture
- the species that includes modern humans is known as
- homo sapiens
- the main result of the domestication of animals was that humans
- had a ready supply of meat and animal products
- slash-and-burn farming refers to
- harvesting farmed crops
- what helped free people to develop skills other than farming?
- irrigation
- barter
- trade
- ziggurat
- center of the religious life of the city
- why were cities important in the dvelopement of a civilization?
-
they were the birthplace of the first civilization
one of the five characteristics of a civilization is advanced cities - part of the area between th epersian gulf and the mediterranean sea that differs from the surrounding territory in the richness of its land
- fertile crescent
- soil deposited by flood waters and left when they recede
- silt
- process that diverts water from a natural body for agricultural purposes
- irrigation
- what was the site of the first civilization?
- sumer
- this is a legendary king of mesopotamia whose adventures are dtailed in one of the worlds earliest works of literature
- gilgamesh
- what was hammarabis code?
- code of laws..an eye for an eye
- why was it unusual for its time?
- it punshed rich and poor, men and women
- the cataracts along the nile are most similar to
- rapids
- ancient egypt wa protected by natural barriers formed by
- deserts
- the legendary figure menes is famous for being
- the first ruler of ancient egypt
- what did egyptians develop and how did it tie to their practical needs?
-
counting system to collect taxes
geometry for farming
calendar for floods
measurements for contruction of pyramids - ruins of settlements in the indus valley show that buildings were constructed of
- over-baked bricks
- land mass that contains india, pakistan, bangladesh, and nepal is referred to as a
- subcontinent
- what term is sometimes used to refer to the indus vallley civilzation
- harrapan civilzation
- what river floods unpredictably and sometimes changes its course
- Indus river
- monsoons
- seasonal winds
- chinas first cities rose along hte
- Huang He river
- chinas supreme god during the first several yrs of its civilization was
- shang di
- how did the zhou oveerthrow the shang dynasty
- they claimed their actions were justified by heavenly powers
- mandate of heaven
- if something bad happened in chinese gov't, someone else cud take ovrf
- what ancient city was founded on the banks of the euphrates river?
- ur
- what ancient village, located in what is now turkey, is known for its obsidian products and colorful wall paintings/?
- catal huyuk
- what early species of hominids was the first to migrate, to use tools, to use fire, and perhaps develop the beginnings of spoken language?
- homo erectus
- the disappearance of which early spcies of hominids still leaves archaologists baffled?
- neanderthals
- despite its severitly, it reinforced the idea that the government had a responsibility for what occured in society
- hammurabis code
- fortified areas in cities in the indus valley
- citadels
- what was the location of nebuchadnezzrrs hanging gardens?
- babylon
- which empire is known for its cruelty to conquered peoples in mesopotamia, syria, palestine, anatolia, and egypt
- assyria
- which group of nomads invaded egypt in chariots and ruled egypt for about 70 yrs?
- hyksos
- which chinese philosophy stressed that social order, harmony, and good government could be restored by organizing society around the five basic relationships?
- confucianism
- which empire was ruled by cyrus, who was famous for his kind treatment of the peoples he conquered?
- persia
- which philosophy was qin ruler shi huandi following when he burned "useless" books, created forced labor, and murdered hundreds of scholars?
- legalism
- the indo-euopean people that migrated from the steps were mainly
- herders
- buddhism spread across asia mostly as a result of
- trade
- in buddhism, the releae from selfishness and pain that comes from complete understanding is known as
- nirvana
- the social class system that came to be known as the caste system was established in india by
- aryans
- the most able seafarers of the early mediterranean were
- phoenicians
- hinduism and buddhism have the common belief in
-
1) mmany gods
2) the sacredness of all life
3) reincarnation? - the phoenicians contributed greatly to written communication by introducing the first use of
- phoenetic symbols
- the hitties were able to excel at war bc of their knowledge of
- ironworking