Comm Exam 1
Terms
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- rhetoric
- study of communication
- rhetoricians
- teachers of communication
- Aristotle
- founded Lyceum, single greatest source of rhetorical theory
- Plato
- Aristotle's teacher (Plato's Academy)
- Peripatetic School
- Aristotle's school. Named after always having his lessons in the peripatos
- ethos
- personal character
- pathos
- ability to arouse emotions
- logos
- through wording and logic of the message
- corax
- recognized the ill-equipped to argue cases
- Tisias
- Studied ways at which people could communicate their ideas
- Classical period
- 900 years. No light reading, story telling was main entertainment, persuasion, ban on lawyers
- Sophists
- pro speech teachers, teaching persuasive speeking
- Cicero
- (Sophist) Romes finest orator, extensive writings on communication theories.
- Canons of Rhetoric
- invention, style, arrangement, memory, and delivery
- invention
- process of deciding on subject matter of ones speech and of discovering information and arguments that have good conclusions
- style
- process of selecting proper words to convey the message
- plain style
- shows character, good sense, trustworthiness, logical, clear, restrained (Ethos)
- Middle Style
- impressing, intricate argumentation and philosophical distinctions. (LOGOS)
- vigorous style
- elequent and emotions "pulled out all the stops" (Pathos)
- Arrangement
- ways to order ideas effectively
- Memory
- the ability to hold content, style and arrangement in ones mind
- Delivery
- the nonverbal expression
- Quintillion
- rhetoric. "the good man speaking well"
- medieval period/ Renaissance
- rhetoric ceased to be vital, developed discipline. Letter writing/preaching.
- Augustine
- foolish for truth "to take its stand unarmed against falsehood" Tell the truth in such a way that it is tedious to listen to, hard to understand, and in fine, not easy to believe in.
- conventional signs
- the spoken of written word
- natural signs
- crated by god (smoke)
- Modern Period
- (1600-1900) priar to 1600 the world was viewed as a place of sin, peopled with men who were wicked. God and the devil haunted man. But from 1600 religion was less influential.
- classical approach
- set out to recover classical rhetoricians
- psychological/epistemological approach
- investigated the relationship of communication and thought. "scientific way" of how people influence speech
- belletristic approach
- writing/speaking= art forms ex: drama, poetry, oratory
- elocutionary approach
- elaborate systems of instruction to improve speakers verbal and nonverbal
- Francis Bacon
- identified the four idols (tribe, cave, market place, and theatre)
- Rene Descartes
- the truth could be maintained only through discourse that was solidly grounded in an understanding of human rationality
- scientific method
- a belief in a controlled laboratory experiment and careful objective measue
- source credibility
- the extent to which a communicator is considered believable or competant
- definition
- to determine. bring to an end, or settle. clarify concepts by indicating boundaries
- breadth
- how broad or narrow communication can be
- symbols
- arbitrary and conventionalized representations
- spoken symbolic interaction
- the way people use symbols to create common meaning and to share that meaning with one another
- nonverbal interaction
- body language. unspoken unintentional behavior
- model
- abstract representations of a process, a description of its structure or function
- explanatory function
- dividing a process into constituent parts and showing us how the parts are connected
- predictive function
- answers if then questions
- control function
- models, show us how to control a process
- perspective
- coherant set of assumptions about the way a process operates
- psychological perspective
- focuses on what happens inside the heads of communicators
- social constructionist perspective
- communicators create collective representations of reality
- pragmatic perspective
- games people play when they communicate
- sender/receiver
- encodes and decodes the meanings in a message
- mental set
- a persons beliefs, values, attitudes, feelings
- noise
- any distraction that interferes with or changes a message during transmission
- laws approach
- cause and effect laws
- symbolic codes
- languages
- cognitive customs
- the ways we've been taught to process information
- cultural traditions
- the beliefs, attitudes, and values
- sets of roles and rules
- guide our actions
- rules approach
- human behavior is not caused but chosen, understanding the rules people follow as they act
- partners
- when people decide to communicate
- acts
- individual moves
- interact
- two act sequence
- payoffs
- one reason why certain acts are repeated
- interdependence
- payoffs depend on each others actions
- patterns
- interaction that satisfys both parties
- systems approach
- structure, function, and evolution describing interdependent patterns of behavior rather than individual behavior
- cultural studies perspective
- rhetorical approach to communication
- discursive act/text
- collective beliefs and experiences work off of each other
- subject position
- a role or stance to take when responding to the text
- ethnography of communication
- identifying a speech community
- speech community
- small or large group of people
- speech situation
- clearly marked occasion that calls for a specific type of speech
- speech events
- identifiable sequences of speech
- speech acts
- individual, purposeful acts of communication
- situation
- people who take part in given speech
- ends
- goals
- act sequences
- records communication content and form
- key
- tone or spirit
- instrumentalities
- channels of transmission used (verbal/nonverbal-written/spoken)
- norms
- values and beliefs to a given form of communication
- genre
- specialized type of encoded message
- heuristics
- rules of thumb that allow us to avoid careful information processing
- research question
- the question a researcher attempts to answer in a given study
- conceptual definition
- explains the meaning of a term in a general, abstract way.
- operational definition
- explains how a term will be measured in the study
- rhetorical criticism
- an extensive and refinement of the everyday critical impulse: way of describing, analyzing, and evaluating
- triangulation
- the process of approaching a research question from multiple perspectives
- rhetorical act
- any act of communication that influences the belief or behavior of an audience
- ethnographers
- want to understand how members of other cultures interpret their world
- covert role
- goes undercover by becoming a member of the group being studied (ethnographer)
- overt role
- enters field as a scientist, people know they are being observed
- field notes
- a record of critical events and behaviors
- informant
- a member of the culture who is willing to show the researcher around, to answer questions, and set up interviews with people
- survey research
- an investigator chooses a sample of people to question what to ask and how to ask it. and administrates questions in either written or oral form
- population
- entire group a researcher wants to study
- sample
- a small group of people representing the population
- sampling plan
- systematic method for choosing respondents for study
- probability sampling
- the researcher knows the exact probability that each member of a population will be included
- simple random sampling
- each member of the population has an equal chance of being the sample
- non probability sampling
- some members of the population may have virtually no chance of being included whereas others may be over presented
- accidental sampling
- researchers use most convenient people
- double-barreled question
- a question that asks several questions at once
- leading question
- questions at indicate a preferred response
- interview/questionnaire
- ways of surveying
- close-ended question
- whereby respondents choose from a finite set of answers provided by the researchers
- open-ended question
- whereby the respondent is free to answer in his or her own words
- rating scales
- whereby the respondent rates an idea or an attitude on a numerical scale
- dependent variable
- the effect
- independent variable
- suspected cause
- Experiments involve..
- manipulate,compare, control
- treatment
- independent variable
- pretest
- measurement of the dependent variable
- post test
- the measurement after the treatment
- control group
- equivalent to the 1st group in every way except that it does not receive the experimental treatment
- reliable
- consistently yield the same result
- valid
- it must actually measure the dependent variable
- performance studies
- communication studies focus on a wide range of performances
- performance vision
- a particular way of performing the text that will convey meaning to an audience