CIS 150 Test2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is the purpose of a database
- To keep track of things with multiple themes
- Definition of a database
- A self-describing collection of integrated records
- Definition of a byte
- A character of data
- Bytes are grouped into what
- Columns (fields)
- Columns are grouped into...
- Rows (records)
- A group of similar rows is called...
- A table (file)
- Definition of metadata
- Data that describes data and describes the structure of the database
- Definition of a Key
- A column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table
- Definition of Foreign Keys
- Columns which are keys but they are keys of a different table than the one in which they reside
- Definition of Relational Databases
- Databases that represent relationships using foreign keys
- Definition of Database Application System and its components
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They make database data more accessible and useful
Components are: forms, formatted reports, queries and application programs - Definition of Database Management System (DBMS)
- A program used to create, process and administer a database
- List several popular DBMSs
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DB2 (IBM)
Access (Microsoft)
SQL Server (Microsoft)
Oracle (Oracle Corp.)
MySQL (open-source and free) - Two functions of a DBMS
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1. Create tables, relationships and other structures in the database
2. Process the database
- Applications use what four operations to process a database?
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1. Read data
2. Insert data
3. Modify data
4. Delete data - Definition of SQL
- Structured Query Language - it is an international standard language for processing a database
- Three functions of a DBMS
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1. Create tables, relationships and other structures in the database
2. Process the database
3. Administering the database - Ways to administer a database
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1. Security (permissions)
2. Backing up database data
3. Add structures to improve performance of database applications
4. Remove unwanted data - Definition of Database Application
- A collection of forms, reports, queries, and application programs that process a database
- What is the purpose of a database entry form?
- to read, insert, modify and delete data
- what is the purpose of a database report and what can it do?
- A report creates information because it represents database data in a meaningful context. A form can compute values as it represents the data.
- What is a query?
- It is a request for data from a database
- Two important uses of Database Application Programs
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1. They process logic that is specific to a given business need. (ex. grading on a curve)
2. They enable database processing over the Internet - How can Multiuser Processing create problems?
- More than one user accessing and trying to modify the database at the same time which may result in incorrect data = LOST-UPDATE PROBLEM.
- Definition of Enterprise DBMS and examples
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They process large organizational and workgroup databases.
1. DB2
2. Oracle
3. SQL Server - Definition of Personal DBMS
- Used for personal or small work-group applications for fewer than 100 users, but typically only one user.
- Examples of previous Personal DBMSs and the most common one now
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Previous:
1. Paradox
2. Dbase
3. R:base
4. FoxPro
Main Personal DBMS now:
Microsoft Access - which is a Database Application and DBMS all in one - Definition of a Computer Network
- a collection of computers that communicate with one another over transmission lines
- Three basic types of Networks
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1. LAN
2. WAN
3. internet - Definition of LAN
- Local Area Network connects computers that reside in a single geographic location on the premises of the company that operates the LAN
- Definition of WAN
- Wide Area Networks connect computers at different geographic locations and must contract with licensed communications vendors to use their lines of communications
- Definition of internet
- An internet is a network of networks and connect LANs, WANs and other internets, the most famous being the Internet.
- Definition of Protocol and why it is needed
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A set of rules that two communicating devices must follow so that data can flow seamlessly across networks in an internet.
The two devices must use the same protocol in order to communicate. - Components of a LAN
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1. Switch
2. NIC
3. MAC address
4. UTP cable
5. Optical fiber cables
6. WNIC
7. Access Point (AP) - Definition of a Switch
- A special-purpose computer that receives and transmits messages on the LAN
- Definition of MAC address
- Media Access Control - each NICs unique identifier
- Definition of UTP cable
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Unshielded Twisted Pair cable - the method in which most devices on a LAN are connected.
Twisting reduces cross-wire signaling - Definition of Optical Fiber Cables
- The signals are light rays and these cables connect several switches from several floors of a building to one main switch, often located in the basement.
- What is IEEE 802.3 protocol?
- The Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802 committee (IEEE 802 committee) addresses LAN standards. IEEE 802.3 is the most popular protocol for LANs and is called Ethernet.
- Definition of Ethernet
- The IEEE 802.3 protocol standard for LANs
- 10/100/1000 Ethernet
- Conforms to the 802.3 protocol and allows for transmission at a rate of 10, 100 and 1000 mbps (megabits per second)
- Definition of WNIC
- Wireless Network Interface Card... and is most frequently built into devices
- What is the most popular wireless LAN protocol?
- IEEE 802.11g and allows for speeds up to 54 Mbps
- Definition of an AP
- Access Point. WNICs connect to an AP. APs must be able to process messages according to both the 802.3 and 802.11 standards because it translates 802.11 communications to the switch using 802.3 protocol.
- Definition of ISP and its three functions
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For use on a WAN... Internet Service Provider.
1. ISP provides you with a legitimate and unique Internet address
2. ISP serves as the gateway to the Internet.
3. ISPs pay for the Internet by collecting money from you then paying access fees and other charges on your behalf. - What are the four ways that computers connect to an ISP?
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1. Regular telephone line
2. DSL (special telephone line)
3. Cable TV line
4. Wireless - Definition of Modem
- A modulator/demodulator that converts digital data to an analog (or wavy) signal.
- What are the three types of Modems
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1. Dial-up
2. DSL
3. Cable - Definition of Point-to-Point Protocol
- PPP is the way in which messages are packaged and handled between your modem and the ISP - specifically with dial-up modems. Voice and data cannot be handled at the same time.
- Definition of ADSL
- Asymmetric DSLs are DSL lines that have different upload and download speeds. 256 kbps - 768 kbps for downloading and 256 for uploading.
- Definition of SDSL
- Symmetrical DSLs are DSL lines that have the same receiving and transmitting speeds - usually for businesses. As much as 1.544 Mbps.
- Definition of Cable Modem
- They provide high-speed data transmission using cable tv lines. Max download speed is 10 Mbps. Upload at 256 kbps.
- Definition of Narrowband lines for cable modems
- typically have transmission speeds less than 56 kbps.
- Definition of Broadband lines
- have speeds in excess of 256 kbps (cable and dsl modems)
- Three WAN alternatives
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1. Connect to a personal computer
2. Network of leased lines
3. Public switched data network - Definition of a Network of Leased Lines
- A way of connecting several computers located at different geographical locations via communication lines that are leased from telecomm companies that are licensed to provide them.
- Definition of Access Device
- Access devices connect each site of a WAN to the transmission lines
- Definition of a Router
- A special-purpose computer that moves network traffic from one node on a network to another
- List some leased-line alternatives
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1. T1 = up to 1.544 Mbps via telephone wires, optical fiber or satellite
2. T3 = up to 44.736 Mbps
3. OC-768 = up to 40 Gbps - Definition of PSDN (public switched data network)
- A WAN alternative which is a network of computers and leased lines that is developed and maintained by a vendor that leases time on the network
- Definition of POP (point of presence)
- The access point into the PSDN; much like a phone number that is dialed to connect to the PSDN... once connected to the PSDN POP, the site has access to all other sites on the PSDN.
- What are the three protocols used with PSDNs
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1. Frame relay = 56 kbps to 40 Mbps
2. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) = 1 to 156 Mbps
3. Ethernet - Definition of Encryption
- the process of transforming clear text into coded, unintelligible text for secure storage or communication
- Definition of a Key when encrypting
- The Key is the number used to encrypt the data
- Definition of symmetric encryption
- the same key is used to encode and to decode
- Definition of asymmetric encryption
- different keys are used for both coding and decoding... less simple than symmetrical encryption
- Definition of public key/private key
- A special version of asymmetric encryption that is used on the Internet. Public key encodes; Private key decodes.
- Definition of HTTPS
- A protocol that is used for secure communication over the Internet.
- Definition of SSL/TLS
- Secure Socket Layer/Transport Layer Security which uses a combination of public key/private key (asymmetric) and symmetric encryption
- Definition of a Firewall
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A computing device that prevents unauthorized network access
Can be either a special computer, or a program on a PC - Definition of Perimeter Firewall
- Sits outside the organizational network and is the first device that the Internet traffic encounters.
- Definition of Internal Firewall
- Is used inside the organizational network and protects the LAN
- Definition of VPN (virtual private network)
- VPN uses the public Internet to create the appearance of a private connection.
- Definition of Tunnel
- A virtual private pathway over a public or shared network from the VPN client to the VPN server
- Definition of BPM (Business Process Management)
- The systematic process of creating, assessing, and altering business processes
- Four Stages of BPM (Business Process Management)
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1. Create a model of the business process
2. Create system components
3. Implement Processes
4. Assess Results - Three ways BPM varies in scope
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1. Functional Processes
2. Cross-functional Processes
3. Inter-organizational Processes - Describe Functional Processes and give examples
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Involve activities within a single department of function.
Examples: Accounting, HR, Sales... - Describe Cross-Functional Processes and give examples
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Involve activities among several business departments
Examples:
CRM (Customer Relationship Mgmt)
ERP (Enterprise Resource Mgmt) - Describe Interorganizational Processes and give examples
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Business process crosses into multiple companies
Example:
SCM (Supply Chain Management) - Definition of OMG (Object Management Group)
- a software-industry standards organization that created the BPMN (Business Processing Modeling Notation)
- Definition of BPMN (business process modeling notation)
- A standard set of terms and graphical notations for documenting business processes
- Definition of a Swim-lane Layout business process diagram
- Each role of a process in the diagram is shown in its own horizontal rectangle and is used to simplify process diagrams
- Define an As-Is business model
- A model that documents the current situation, and is able to be changed in order to make adjustments to solve process problems
- Three ways that process designers can increase the performance of a business process
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1. Add more resources to a process without changing its structure (brute force approach = add more ppl or equipment to the existing way of doing business)
2. Change the structure of a process without changing resource allocations (requires ppl to change the way they do things)
3. Designers can do both: add resources and change structure - What role do information systems play in business processes?
- They implement business process activities; some are entirely manual; some are entirely automated; some are a mix of both (use all 5 components: hardware, software, data, procedures and people)
- Define SOA (Service Oriented Architecture)
- A design philosophy that was developed from best-of-practice techniques studied by IS developers
- Definition of Service
- A repeatable task that a business needs to perform
- Two requirements for SOA
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1. Activities are to be modeled as services
2. All interactions among services must be governed by standards - Definition of Encapsulation
- Isolating all of the logic for a given business process within a particular service. The logic is hidden from service users and thus can be changed as long as the data to and from the service remain the same.
- Three language standards developed for SOA
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1. XML
2. SOAP
3. WSDL - Definition of XML
- eXtensible Markup Language = used to model and structure data; it is a document standard that separates document content, structure and presentation
- Definition of XML Tags
- Metadata that name and identify data items and are enclosed in matching chevrons
- Definition of XML document
- A set of XML tags and data
- Definition of XML schema
- An XML document that whose content describes the structure of other XML documents
- Why is XML important for SOA?
- enables programs to share data in a standardized way
- Definition of SOAP language standard
- it is a protocol for exchanging messages encoded in XML.
- Definition of WSDL language standard
- It is a language that services can use to describe what they do and how other computer programs can access their features.
- Definition of E-commerce
- The buying and selling of goods and services over public and private computer networks
- Definition of Merchant Companies
- Companies that take title to the goods that they sell... they buy goods and resell them
- Definition of Nonmerchant Companies
- Sell services provided by others
- What are the three main types of merchant companies
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1. B2C = business-to-consumer (Auctions)
2. B2B = business-to-business (Clearinghouses)
3. B2G = business-to-government (Exchanges) - Definition of Auction
- Nonmerchant E-Commerce application that matches buyers and sellers
- Definition of Clearinghouse
- Nonmerchant E-Commerce application that provide goods and services at at stated price and arrange for the delivery of the goods. (Amazon.com)
- Definition of Electronic Exchange
- Nonmerchant E-Commerce application that matches buyers and sellers, similar to that of a stock exchange. (priceline.com)
- Definition of Disintermediation
- The elimination of middle layers in the supply chain (buy direct from manufacturer)
- Definition of Price Elasticity
- Measures how much demand goes up or down with the change in price.
- 4 economic factors to consider with E-Commerce
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1. Channel conflict
2. Price conflict
3. Logistics conflict
4. Customer-service expense - Definition and example of Channel Conflict
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a conflict that results when a manufacturer wants to sell directly to consumers and the retailers that already sell their goods to the same consumers. example: Sears/Maytag Bestbuy/Dell
Sears and Best Buy may stop selling that manufacturers goods - Definition and example of Logistics expense
- Without retailers, manufacturers would have increased logistics expense of entering and processing orders in small quantities
- Definition and example of Customer Service expenses
- The manufacturer will be required to provide service to less sophisticated users and on a one-to-one basis, which would increase costs, as opposed to relaying technical info to one knowledegeable employee at the retail site. Example: best buy geek squad
- Three components of the Three-tier architecture
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1. User tier
2. Server tier
3. Database tier - Definition of User tier
- consists of computers that have browsers that request and process Web pages
- Definition of Server tier
- consists of computers that run Web servers and process application programs
- Definition of Database tier
- consists of computers that run a DBMS that processes SQL requests to retrieve and store data
- Definition of HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- set of rules for transferring documents and data over the Internet between user and server computers
- Definition of a Web page
- a document coded in one of the standard page markup languages (typically HTML) and is transmitted using HTTP
- Two most popular web server programs
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1. Apache (Linux)
2. IIS = Internet Information Server (Windows) - Definition of Web Server
- programs that run on a server tier computer and that manage HTTP traffic by sending and receiving Web pages to and from clients
- Definition of Browser
- a computer program on the client computer that processes Web pages
- Definition of commerce server
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an application program that runs on a server tier computer and receives requests from users via the Web server, takes some action and returns a response to the users via the Web server
ex: manage shopping cart items, obtain product data from a database - Definition of Web Farm
- a facility that runs multiple Web servers. Work is distributed among the computers in a Web farm so as to maximize throughput
- Definition of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
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A tag-based markup language like XML
Preceded XML and is most common
Cannot define tags, as in XML - Definition of Hyperlink
- pointers to other Web pages
- Definition of Web 2.0
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A loose cloud of capabilities, technologies, business models and philosophies that characterize the new and emerging business uses of the Internet.
Focus is only on the business aspect of business on the Web, not the hdwe or sftwe - Definition of SAAS (Software As A Service)
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Google, Amazon and Ebay provide the use of their software on the Internet as a service... they do not sell licenses to the software.
In the Web 2.0 world, software is provided as a free service. - Definition of AdWords
- Vendors agree to pay Goole a certain amount for certain search words
- Definition of Social Networking
- Networks of people that are supported by Web 2.0 technology.
- Definition of UGC (User Generated Content) and examples
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In Web 2.0, data and information that is provided by users.
Examples:
Product ratings
Product problem solutions
Product designs
Marketing data - Definition of Crowdsourcing
- process by which organizations involve their users in the design and marketing of their products.