Infosystems 9-11
Terms
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- TPS
- Process the detailed data necessary to update records about the fundamental business operations of the organization
- Batch Processing
- Medhod of comoputerized processing in qhich business transactions are accumulated over a period of time and prepared for processing as a single unit or batch
- Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
- Computerized processing in which each transaction is processed immediately, without the delay of accumulating transactions into a batch
- *Objectives of a TPS*
- Process data generated by and about transactions; Maintain a high degree of accuracy and integrity; Produce timely documents and reports; Increase labor efficiency; Provide increased service; Build and maintain customer loyalty; Attain competitive advantage
- Transaction Processing Activities
- Data collection > data editing > data correction > data manipulation > data storage > document production
- Data Collection
- The process of capturing and gathering all data necessary to complete transactions
- Data Editing
- The process of checking data for validity and completeness
- Data Correction
- The process of reentering miskeyed or misscanned data that was found during data editing
- Data Manipulation
- The process of performing calculations and other data transformations related to business transactions
- Data Storage
- The process of updating one or more databases with new transactions
- Business Continuity Planning
- Identificatino of the business process that must be restored firest in the event of a disaster and specification of what actions should be taken and who should take them to restore operations
- Disaster Recovery
- Actions that must be take to resorte computer operations and services in the event of a disaster
- Order Processing Systems
- Sems that process order entry, sales configuration, shipment planning, shipment execution, inventor control, invoicing, customer relationship management, and routing and scheduling
- Order Entry System
- Process that captures the basic data needed to process a customer order (EDI)
- Sales Configuration System
- Process that ensures that the products and services ordered are sufficient to accomplish the customer's objectives and will work well together
- Shipment Planning System
- System that determines which open orders wil be filled and from which location they will be shipped
- Shipment Execution System
- System that coordinates the outflow of all products from the organization, with the objective of delivering quality products on time to customers
- Inventory-Control System
- System that updates the computerized inventory records to reflect the exact quantity on had of each stock-keeping unit
- Invoicing
- Encourages follow-up on existing sales activities, increases profitabilty, and improves customer service; may automatically compute discounts, applicable taxes, and other charges
- Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System
- System that helps a company manage all aspects of customer encounters, including marketing and advertising, sales, customer service after the sale, and programs to retain loyal customers
- Purchasing Transaction Processing Systems
- Systems that included inventory control, purchase order processing, receiving, and accounts payable
- Purchase Order Processing System
- System that helps purchasing departments complete their transactions quickly and efficiently
- Receiving System
- System that creates a record of expected receipts
- Accounts Payable System
- System that increases an organization's control over purchasing, imporves cash flow, increases profitability, and provides more effective management of current liabilities
- Accounting Systems
- Systmes that include budget, accoutns receivable, payroll, asset management, and general ledger
- Budget Transaction Processing System
- System that automates many of the taskes required to amass budget data, istribute it to users, and consolidate the prapared budgets
- Accounts Receivable System
- System that manages the cash flow of the company by keeping track of the money owed the company on charges for goods sold and services performed
- Payroll Journal
-
A report that contains employees' names, the area where employees worked during the week, hours worked, the pay rate, a premium factor for OT pay, earnings + type,
deductions, and net pay - General Ledger System
- System designed to automate financial reporting and data entry
- International Issues Faced
- Language, varying laws and customs, multiple currencies
- ERP
- Enables real-time monitoring of business functions=timely analysis of key issues such as quality, availability, customer satisfaction, performance, profitability
- Decision Making Process
- The first part of problem solving, including three stages: intelligence, design, and choice
- 5 Stages to Problem Solving Model
- Intelligence, Design, Choice, Implementation, Monitoring
- Intelligence Stage
- The first stage of decision making, in which potential problems or opportunities are identified and defined
- Design Stage
- The second stage of decision making, in qhich alternative solutions to the problem are developed
- Choice Stage
- The third stage of decision making, which requires selecting a course of action
- Problem Solving
- A process that goes beyond decision making to include the implementation stage
- Implementation Stage
- A stage of problem solving in which a solution is put into effect
- Monitoring Stage
- Final stage of the problem-solving process, in which decision makers evaluate the implementation
- Programmed Decision
- Decision made using a rule, procedure, or quantitative method
- Nonprogrammed Decision
- Decision that deals with unusual or exeptional situations
- Optimaization Model
- A process to find the best solution, usually the one that will best help the organization meet its goals
- Satisficing Model
- A model that iwll find a good, but not necessarily the best, problem solution
- Heuristics
- Commonly accepted guidelines or procedures that usually find a good solution
- Scheduled Report
- Report produced periodically, or on a schedule, such as daily, weekly, or monthly
- Key-Indicator Report
- Summary of the previous day's critical activities; typically available at the beginning of each workday
- Demand Report
- Report developed to give certain information at someone's request
- Exception Report
- Report automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires management action
- Drill-Down Report
- Report providing increasingly detailed data about a situation
- MIS
- Give companies an other organization a competitive advantage by providing the right information to the right pepole in the right format and at the right time
- Geographic Information system
- A computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographic information- data identified according to its location
- Decision support Systems
- Handles large amounts of data from different sources; provide report and presentation flexibiilty; offer both textual and graphical orientation; support drill-down analysis; perform complex, sophisticated analysis and comparisons using advanced software; support optimization, satisficing, and heuristic approaches
- What-if Analysis
- The process of amking hypothetical changes to problem data and observing the impact on the results
- Goal-Seeking Analysis
- The process of determining the problem data required for a given result
- Simulation
- The ability of the DSS to duplicate the features of a real system
- Executive Support System (ESS)
- Specialized DSS that includes all hardware, software, data, procedures, and people used to assist senior-level executives within the organization
- ESS Characteristics
- Tailored to individual executives; easy to use; drill-down abilities; support need for external data; can help with situation that have high degree of uncertainty; have future orientation; linked with value-added vusiness processes
- ESS Capabilities
- Support for defining overall vision; support for strategic planning; support for strategic organizing and staffing; support for strategic control and crisis management
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- The ability of computers to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain
- AI systems
- People, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that demonstrate characteristics of intelligence
- Intelligent Behavior
- The ability to learn from experiences and apply knowledge acquired from experience
- Nature of Intelligence
- Learn from experience and apply knowledge; Handle complex situations; Solve problems when info is missing; Determining what is important; React quickly and correrctly to a new situation; Understand visual images; Process and minpulate symbols; Creative and imaginative; Use heuristics (rule of thumb from expereience)
- Expert System
- Hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes inference similar to a human expert
- Robotics
- Mechanical or computer devices that perform tasks requiring a high degree of precision or that are tedious or hazardous for humans
- Vision Systems
- The hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
- Natural Language Processing
- Processing that allows the computer to underatnd and react to stagements and commandes made in a "natural" language, such as English
- Genetic Algorithm
- An approach to solving large complex problems
- Intelligent Agent
- Consists of programs and a knowledge base used to perfrom a specific task
- Characteristics an Expert System
- Can explain their reasoning/suggested decisions; dispaly 'intelligent' behavior; draw conclusions from complex relationships; provide portable knowledge; deal with uncertainty
- Expert Systems Limitations
- Not widely used/tested; difficult to use; limited to relatively narrow problems; cannot readily deal with 'mixed' knowldege; possibility of error; cannot refine its knowledge; difficult to maintain; high development costs; raise legal and ethical concerns
- Knowledge Base
- A component of an expert system that stores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, and relationships used by the expert system
- Fuzzy Logic
- A special research area in computer science that allows shades of gray- not all blk/wht
- Rule
- A conditional statement that links given conditions to actions or outcomes
- Inference Engine
- Part of the expert system that seeks information and relationships from the knowledge base and provides answers, predictions, and suggestions the way a human expert would
- Backward Chaining
- The process of starting with conclusinos and working backward to the supporting facts
- Forward Chaining
- The process of starting with the facts and working forward to the conclusions
- Comparison between backward and forward chaining
- Forward Chaining: can reach conclusions and yield more information with fewere queries to the user than backward chaining; but requires more processing and greater degree of sophistication; Forward chaining is often used by more expensive expert systems
- Knowledge Acquisition Facility
- Part of the expert system that provided convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all the components of the knowlege base
- Domain
- The area of knowledge addressed by the expert system
- Domain Expert
- The individual or group who has the expertise or knowledge one is trying to capture in the expert system
- Knowldge Engineer
- An individual who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system
- Knowledge User
- The individual or group who uses and benefits from the expert system
- Virtual Reality System
- A system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
- CAVE
- Developed for immersive viewing of virtual environments to overcome the often uncomfortable intrusiveness of a head-mounted display; provides the illusion of immersion by projecting stereo images on the alls and floor a a room-sized cube; head tracking system
- Head Mounted Disply
- Contains a position tracker to monitor the location of the user's head and the direction in whcih the user is looking; matches the direction that the user is looking and displays these images on the HMD
- Uses of Virtual Reality
- Medicine- surgeons; Education and Training- military, aircraft maintenance; Real Estate Marketing and Tourism- virtual tours; Entertainment- movies
- Radio Frequency Identification
- Tags that contain small chips with information about products or packages can be quickly scanned to perform inventory control or trace a package as it moves from a supplier to a company to its customers; reduce costs, improve customer service, attains competitive advantage