isys pg 61-98
Terms
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- Transistor
- electronics component of silicon that oepns or closes a circuit. 1 for electricity and 0 for none
- integrated circuit
- also called chips used to store bits and bytes. made up of multiple transistors
- CPR
- group of integrated cicuits. all CPU circuits make one microprocessor
- Motherboard
- primary circuit board
- Buses
- pathways
- Processing
- act of manipulating data in a manner that is defined by programmed instructions...IT PRocesses instructions
- Instruction set
- finite number if instructions sent to the processor
- Three components of CPU
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1. ALU (instructions and math)
2. Control Unit(sequentially access programs
3.Registers(hold bytes being processed) - RAM
- volatile/temporary memory that carries instructions for processor to access.
- system bus
- consists of electronic pathways between CPU and RAM. typically connects to a chipset that ties several bus systems
- Two phases of ececution of instruction that make up machine cycle
-
1.Instruction phase
2.execution phase - Instruction phase
-
1.Fetch instruction(instructions accessed from RAM by control unit
2. Decode instruction :Control Unit(decoded info, moved from RAM to CPU) - eXECUTION Phase
-
3.Execute instructions (ALU)
4.Store results - system clock
- clock speed of electronic pulses to synchronize processing activities...in MHz and GHz..faster clocks with larger cooling systems
- System clocks
- not important how fast clock speed but how well it does with processor in each tick
- Cache memory
- mhigh-speed memory that can be accessed faster than RAM. it make sintelligent guesses three levls L1, L2, L3...LARGER cache mean faster processing
- Wordlength
- number of bits CPU can process at once e.g Intel Pentium with 32 or 64 bits
- MIPS
- Millions of instruction per second true measere of processors performance
- FLOPS
- Floating point ops per sec...more precise
- TYPES OF MULTI-PROCESSING
-
1.Coprocessing
2.ParalleL
3.Massively parallel processing (MPP) - Coprocessing
- special purpose to speed up specific instructions while CPU works on somthing else
- Parallel Proecssing
- speeds processing by linking several processots to operate at same time. challenge not in connecting processors but have them work effectively as a unified set
- Grid computing/clustering
- PROCESSORS linked over a network
- MPP
- involves thousands of processors operating together e.g NASA Columbia
- Moore's Law
- when transistor densities increase so does the speed of the processor. transistor densitities double processor speeds will also double every 18 months
- SIMM
- Single in line emory module
- ppm
- pages printed per minute
- dpi
- dot per inch for resolution of a printer
- Impact printer
- use impact to transfer ink
- Dot-matrix
- use impactas well but capable of printing characters
- Plotters
- printers for large graphic designs
- Firewire
- competes with USB for connecting devices to computers