Stuttering From Comps
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Stuttering Definition
- A disorder of fluency and of rhythm
- Stuttering Types
- Anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertonic, avoidance reaction; What a person does to avoid stuttering; Social role conflict
- Stuttering Facts
- ; Both genetic factors and environmental factors play a part in the etiology; Onset is between 3-6 years of age. Adult onset is rare; Onset may be sudden or gradual; Incidence is 1% in the U.S. population; More males than females. Ratio 3:1 in elementary, 4:1 in higher grades; Family prevalence is higher than the general population, especially in families that have a female who stutters as opposed to a male; Concordance rate in identical twins is 30-80%
- Different Types of Dysfluencies
- 1. Repetitions: Part/whole or phrase; 2. Sound prolongations; 3. Silent propogations: articulatory postures held for a duration longer than average without vocalization; 4. Interjections; 5. Pauses; 6. Broken Words; 7. Incomplete Sentences; 8. Revisions
- Spontaneous Recovery
- Stuttering disappearance without professional help. Recovery rate has been reported at either 30-35% or 60%
- Associated Motor Behaviors: (accidentally reinforced)
- Excessive muscular effort ; Various facial grimaces ; Various hand and foot movement (tapping the foot); Rapid eye blinking; Knitting of the eyebrows; Lip Pursing; Rapid opening and closing of the mouth; Tongue clicking
- Associated Breathing Abnormalities: (stuttering symptom complex)
- Attempts to speak on inhalation; Holding breath before talking; Continued attempts to speak even when air supply is exhausted; Interruption of inhalations by exhalations and vice versa; Speaking without first inhaling a sufficient amount of air; Rapid and jerky breathing during speech; Exhaling puffs of air during stuttered speech; Generally tensed breathing
- Loci of Stuttering: Adults and School Age Children
- Consonants more than vowels; First sound or syllable of a word; First word in a phrase or sentence; First word in a grammatical clause ; Longer words; Less frequently used words; Content words; Preschool Children: Same as adults except more on function words rather than content words; More whole word repetitions
- Stimulus Control
- Variations found in the frequency of stuttering are due to variations in stimuli which suggest a strong environmental control
- Adaptation Effect
- The systematic reduction in the frequency of stuttering when a short printed passage is repeatedly read aloud. (Most reduction had occurred by the fifth reading.) Adaptation is due to a deconfirmation of the expectancy of stuttering, which results in reduced anxiety and reduced stuttering or reduced fear, or the rehearsal effect
- Consistency Effect
- The occurrence of stuttering on the same word or loci when a passage is read aloud repeatedly
- Adjacency Effect
- The occurrence of new stuttering on words that surround previously stuttered words
- Audience Size Effect
- The observation that the frequency of stuttering increases with an increase in audience size
- Genetic Hypothesis
- A potential genetic basis of stuttering is suggested by the following observations: High familial incidence; Gender ratio in the prevalence of stuttering; Higher concordance rate among identical twins; No gene or chromosomal abnormality responsible for stuttering has been identified
- Neurophysiological Hypothesis
- People who stutter have an abnormal neurophysiological or neuromotor organization
- Laryngeal Hypothesis
- Due to aberrant laryngeal functions
- Hypotheses on the brain & speech & language mechanisms & stuttering
- The auditory portion of the brain may not be working properly or there may be an auditory processing problem
- Learning, Conditioning, and Related Hypotheses:Stuttering as an operant behavior
- (changed by changing its consequences=learned.)
- Learning, Conditioning, and Related Hypotheses: Stuttering as speech disruption due to classically conditioned negative emotion
- Stuttering can only be reduced by counter-conditioning more positive emotional reactions that replace the negative emotions
- Learning, Conditioning, and Related Hypotheses: Stuttering as avoidance behavior
- Parents punish a child’s normal nonfluencies, the child develops anticipatory, apprehensive and hypertonic avoidance reactions that are indeed stutterings
- Learning, Conditioning, and Related Hypotheses: Stuttering as approach avoidance
- A stuttering person’s hesitations and repetitions indicate a conflict in the desire to approach speaking situations and an equally strong desire to avoid them
- Learning, Conditioning, and Related Hypotheses: Stuttering as a reaction to tension and fragmentation
- Communicative pressure leads to communicative failures. A child believes that the speech task is too difficult
- Learning, Conditioning, and Related Hypotheses: Stuttering due to demands exceeding capacities
- Stuttering can result when a child faces demands for communication that he/she cannot meet because of limited capacities
- Learning, Conditioning, and Related Hypotheses:Stuttering as a form of psychoneurosis
- May be a psychological disorder
- Psychological Methods of Treatment
- Psychotherapy and counceling
- Fluent-Stuttering Method: (Van Riper)Aka Stutter-more-fluently approach:
- Modifying the severity and visible abnormality of stuttering is the most realistic goal for many people who stutter
- Fluency Reinforcement Method:
- Positively reinforce fluent speech in young children in a naturalistic conversational contexts
- Masking and Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques
- Altered auditory feedback of speech. Uses delayed auditory feedback (DAF), to induce a slow speech with reduced prosodic features, syllable prolongation, and prolongation of vowels
- Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods
- To reduce stuttering directly without teaching specific fluency skills or modifying stuttering into less abnormal forms. The behavior methods of time-out (pause after each dysfluency) and response cost (a positive reinforcer is taken away) may be used
- Cluttering
- A disorder of fluency characterized by rapid but disordered articulation, possibly combined with a high rate of dysfluencies & disorganized thought & lang. It tends to coexist w/ stuttering, but not the other way around. Excessive amounts of dysfluencies, rapid reps of syllables, clearer artic with slower rate of speech, monotone, jerky/stumbling, reduced awareness/anxiety