Psych 300 Exam 2

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Course Objective Terms & Definitions from Chapters 4,5,6,7,8,10 (excluding 9) of the textbook "Understanding Psychology" Eight Edition, Robert S. Feldman, Published by The McGraw Hill Companies.

Terms

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Mental Set: Holding for definition
Intrinsic Motivation: Holding for definition
Absolute threshold: The smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected.
Basilar Membrane: A vibrating structure that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber and a lower chamber and containing sense receptors for sound.
Closure: We usually group elements to form enclosed or complete figures rather than open ones. We tend to ignore the breaks in object and concentrate on the overall form.
Instinct Theory: Holding for definition
Withdrawl: Physical symptoms when you withdraw or remove drug from system of a dependant person.
Instincts: Holding for definition
Verbal Store: Holding for definition
retroactive interferenece: Holding for definition
Semicircular Canals: Three tubelike structures of the inner ear containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to the brain. This movement is sense by the Otoliths, tiny motion sensitive crystals in the semicircular canals.
Proactive Interference: Holding for definition
Afterimage: Occurs because activity in the retina continues even when you are no longer staring at the original picture: However the afterimage will show the opposite colors than the object you originally were staring at. IE: You will look away and see the "negative" of the original.
Flashbulb Memory: Holding for definition
Sleep Disorders: Holding for definition
Phonemes: Holding for definition
Linear Perspective: Distant objects appear to be closer together than are nearer ones.
Overlearning: Holding for definition
Semantic Memory: Holding for definition
Adaptation: An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli * when you put on the clothes, you feel it... after a while you do not. our brain tells us about changes, but will stop when it is status quo.
Cochlea: A coiled tube in the ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.
Lens: light passes through the pupil and the lens; the lens is responsible for focusing the image on the back of the eye. The Lens is behind the pupil - The lens acts to bend the rays of light so that they are properly focused on the rear of the eye. The lens focuses light by changing its own thickness, a process called Accommodation.
Mantra: Holding for definition
Display Rules: Holding for definition
Mental images: Holding for definition
Motivation: Holding for definition
Optic Nerve: bundle of Ganglion Axons leaving the eye and going to the brain.
Iconic Memory: Holding for definition
Latent Content of Dreams: Holding for definition
Spreading activation: Holding for definition
Forgetting / Forgetting Curves: Holding for definition
Perception: is our interpretation of the raw data. - subjective. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis and intergration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
Storage: Holding for definition
Algorithm: Holding for definition
Optic Chiasm: The point at which the optic nerves from each eye meet (between both eyes).- when each optic nerve then split. When the optic nerves split, the nerve impulses coming from the right half of each retina are sent to the right side of the brain, and the impulses arriving from the left half of each retina are sent to the left side of the brain. Because the image n the retinas is reversed and upside down, however those images coming from the right half of each retina actually original in the field of vision to the person's left, and the images coming from the left half of each retina originated in the field of vision to the person's right.
James-Lange theory of emotion: Holding for definition
Eardrum: named such because it operates like a miniature drum, vibrating when sound waves hit it. The vibrations are then transferred into the middle ear, a tiny chamber containing three bones (the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup) that transmit vibrations to the oval window, a thin membrane leading to the inner ear.
Feature detection: the ability of the brain to identify specific components of visual stimuli such as corners or edges
Need for affiliation: Holding for definition
Insulin: Holding for definition
Keyword Technique: Holding for definition
Serial position Effect: Holding for definition
Repression: Holding for definition
Sleep Stages: ■ Stage 1 - State of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low amplitude brain waves. short, only a few minutes. This is the stage where your heart rate is decreasing, as is your breathing. Easy to wake you. / ■ Stage 2 - A deeper sleep than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower more regular brain pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles" (the spike) approx 20 minute long - still easy to wake up from - when they wake they tend to be fairly alert - Sleep talk and walk occurs / ■ Stage 3 - Characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep. Rather short, a few minutes long, transition phase into stage 4, these stages have very similar characteristics. -Sleep talk and walk occurs - delta, or slow waves (for both) - Is more difficult to wake person/ ■ Stage 4 approx 30 min. Deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation. Sleep talk and walk occurs, you have delta or slow waves - harder to wake up...do automatic responses sometimes, groggy. conversations in sleep. - "dont ask when you are sleeping" ■ Stage 5 which is called REM sleep. Occupying 20 percent of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate, rapid eye Movement -10 minutes. starts an hour in. - have dreams -sleep paralysis ( Paradoxical Sleep)
Fuctional fixedness: Holding for definition
Thinking: Holding for definition
Insomnia: Holding for definition
Levels of processing theory: Holding for definition
Classes of Drugs with Examples: Holding for definition
Metabolism: Holding for definition
Associative models: Holding for definition
Procedural memory: Holding for definition
Visual spectrum: The range of wavelengths that humans are sensitive to. Violet blue, green, yellow Red.
Autobiographical Memories: Holding for definition
Muller-Lyer Illusion: Although the two lines are the same length, the one with the arrow tips pointing inward appears to be longer than the one with the arrow tips pointing outward.
Social Factors in Eating: Holding for definition
Visual Store: Holding for definition
Mnemonics: Holding for definition
Extrasensory Perception: perception that does not involve our known senses. apparent power to perceive things that are not present to the senses
Facial-feedback hypothesis.: Holding for definition
Telegraphic Speech: Holding for definition
Just noticeable difference: not the minimal diffrence, but the minimal amount of change in stimulation required to detect the difference between two stimuli,.
Rods: highly sensitive - takes very little to activate them -High Acuity -black n white - light vision
Sensation: raw data: Is the activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy. the faculty through which the external world is apprehended - Ex. "in the dark he had to depend on touch and on his senses of smell and hearing"
Constructive processes: Holding for definition
Parts of the eye and their functions:: Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Ciliary Process (muscle), Retina, Rods, Cones, Optic Nerve, Optic Disc (blind Spot), Fovea
Function and meaning of dreaming: Holding for definition
Sudden Infant Death Snydrome: Holding for definition
Optimal Arousal Theory: Holding for definition
Addictive Drugs: Holding for definition
Method of Loci: Holding for definition
Prototypes: Holding for definition
Parts of the Ear: Outer Ear: Temporal bone, External Auditory Meatus, Eardrum / Middle ear: Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup / Inner Ear: Semicirucular canals, Cochlea (Basilar Membrane covered by Hair Cells), Oval Window
Feature Analysis: An approach to perception suggesting that we perceive a shape, pattern, object or scene through the reaction of specific neurons to the individual elements that make up the stimulus.
Hypnosis: Holding for definition
Learning-Theory Approach: Holding for definition
Divergent Thinking: Holding for definition
Proximal Stimuli: the physical representation of that object or event at or within the transducers
Settling Oint: Holding for definition
Jet Lag: fatigue and sleep disturbance resulting from disruption of the body's normal circadian rhythm as a result of jet travel
Implicit Memory: Holding for definition
Depth Perception: The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance.
Language: Holding for definition
Source Amnesia (misattribution): Holding for definition
Automatic and effortful Encoding: Holding for definition
Detoxification: removing the drug from the persons system. This causes stress & illness during process.
Sensitivity: The ability to detect Stimulus: small physical amounts or differences
Phyme: Holding for definition
Phonology: Holding for definition
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion: Holding for definition
Monocular Cues: In some cases, certain cues permit us to obtain a sense of depth and distance with just one eye. Such cues can be Motion parallax, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective
Primacy & Recency Effects: Holding for definition
Cognitive Approaches to Motivation: Holding for definition
Means-ends analysis: Holding for definition
Babble: Holding for definition
Relapse: occurs when person cannot resist going back to the drug.
Optic Disc: The optic disc is also called the blind spot. It is called this because there are no receptors in this part of the retina. This is where all of the axons of the ganglion cells exit the retina to form the optic nerve.
Similarity: Elements that are similiar in appearance we perceive as grouped together.
Agonists: -increases activity or effectivness (Dopamine, for instance, will increase the activity in the brain)
Repressed Memories: Holding for definition
Syntax: Holding for definition
Sleep: requirement for normal human functioning. It is reasonable to expect that our bodies would require a tranquil "rest and relaxation" period to revitalize themselves, and experiments with rats show that total sleep dep result in death.
Consolidation: Holding for definition
Ebbinghouse: Holding for definition
Proximity: We perceive elements that are closer together as being grouped together. As a result, we tend to see pairs of dots rather than a row of single dots.
Binocular Disparity: the difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye.
Bulimia: Holding for definition
Overgeneralization: Holding for definition
Thinking & Reasoning: Holding for definition
Chunking: Holding for definition
Opponent-process theory of color vision: Theory that receptor cells for color are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other. Works in the retina and in the later stages of neuronal processing. Pairs are blue-yellow, red-green & black white. When you over work the receptors that see green, black and yellow and then look away, the opposite receptors will fire instead, and you get the afterimage of Red, white & blue! Example from text: Stare at the dot on this flag for about a minute and the look at a piece of plain white paper. Most people see an afterimage that converts the colors in the figure (which are green, black and yellow) into the tradition red, white and blue US Flag.
Narcolepsy: Holding for definition
Hallucinogens: Holding for definition
Episodic Memory: Holding for definition
Spacing Effect: spacing out intake of information increases permanent memory storage; IE: Space out study instead of cramming... cramming will cause overload of synaptic function, and cause you to forget a great deal of the material. If you space out your time with study, you will most likely remember more.
Hierarchy of Needs- Maslow: Holding for definition
Social-Cultural: Holding for definition
Poggendorf Illusion: When stripped down to its basics, gives the impression that two objects traveling diagonally towards each other will pass each other instead of colliding as they actually would if they continue upon their path.
simplicity: When we observe a pattern we opt for the simpler interpretation to explain what we are seeing.
Universal Grammar: Holding for definition
Primary & Secondary Drives: Holding for definition
Anterograde & Retrograde Amnesia: Holding for definition
Cue-dependent Forgetting: Holding for definition
Organization Cues: Holding for definition
Depressants: Holding for definition
Figure/ Ground: Figure: the object being perceived / Ground: The background or spaces within the object : We tend to organize our perceptions by distinguishing between a figure and a background
Obesity: Holding for definition
Weight Set Point: Holding for definition
Light Adaptation: The opposite phenomenon of Dark adaptation is Light Adaptation, or process of adjusting to bright light after exposure to dm light 0 occurs much faster, taking only a minute or so.
Facial affect program: Holding for definition
Korsakoff's Syndrome: Holding for definition
Visual Illusion: physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
Acuity: or the ability to perceive two separate stimuli (separated either in space or in time) as being distinct and separate
Effective Note-Taking: Holding for definition
Elaborate Rehearsal: Holding for definition
Encoding: Holding for definition
Gestalt Laws of Organization: A series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes. : Closure, Proximity, Similarity & Simplicity.
Acoustic Encoding: Holding for definition
State Dependant Memory: Holding for definition
Concepts: Holding for definition
Need for Achievment: Holding for definition
Narcotics/Opiates: Tend to have pain reducing effects: Heroin, Morphine, Methadone
Sensitization: The exact opposite of Tolerance: With the same dose you get more effect with repeated administrations. Think overdose, or Allergins: Instead of getting used to a stimulous, you become allergic.
Language-Acquisition Device: Holding for definition
Iris: muscle that controls the pupil - the part of the eye that contains color: the size of the pupil open depends on the amount of light in the environment. The dimmer the surroundings are, the more the pupil opens to allow more light to enter.
Ganglion Cells: Collect and summarize visual information, which is then moved out of the back of the eyeball and sent to the brain through a bundle of ganglion axons called "the optic nerve."
Stimulus: The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy. (information being received)
Semantic Encoding: Holding for definition
Retrieval: Holding for definition
Distal Stimuli: the actual outward object or event in the outer world that is being perceived
Heuristic: Holding for definition
Noise: the study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them. Noise is defined by psychophysicists as background stimulation that interferes with the perception of other stimuli.
Convergent Thinking: Holding for definition
Visual Encoding: Holding for definition
Circadian Rhythms: biological clock. our clock resets every 24 hours with triggers like sunlight, noise, etc. , A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotc organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.
Practice and Rehearse: Holding for definition
Retina: back of the eye - contains the photoreceptors : Consists of a thin layer of nerve cells at the back fo the eyeball. There are two kinds of light sensitive receptor cells in the retina. The names they have been given describe their shapes: rods & cones.... Which are concentrated on the part of the retina called the Fovea.
Motion Perception: is the process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual input. Movement of images across the retina balanced by factoring information about our own head and eye movements along with information about changes in the retinal image.
Interference: Holding for definition
Incentive Approaches to Motivation: Holding for definition
Daydreams: Holding for definition
Difference threshold: The smallest level of added or reduced stimulations require to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred.
Fat Cells: Holding for definition
REM Rebound: With this effect, REM-deprived sleepers spend significantly more time in REM sleep than they normally would. People being deprived of REM Sleep, by being awakened every time they begin to display the psychological signs of that stage show this phenomenon when they are allowed to rest undisturbed.
Seasonal Affective Disorder: depression sx during winter (atypical sx including increased sleep and increased appetite and decreased energy). abnormal melatonin (tx with light and PO melatonin.
Sleep Paralysis: During REM sleep you cannot move, though many things are going on in the mind.
Insight: Holding for definition
Long Term potentiation: Holding for definition
Drug Ues: Holding for definition
Perceptual Constancy: is a phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite the changes in their appearance or in the physical environment.
Explicit Memory: Holding for definition
Rehearsal: Holding for definition
Up regulation: Increases sensitization issues. Creats more receptors, can cause schitzophrenia & hieghtened dopamine levels. Introduce an antagonist to lower up-regulations
Psychoactive Drugs: Holding for definition
Hair Cells: Tiny cells covering the basilar membrane that, when bent by vibrations entering the cochlea, transmit neural messages to the brain.
Semantics: Holding for definition
Biological basis of memory: Holding for definition
Encoding Specificity: Holding for definition
Top-Down Processing: Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations.
Bipolar Cells: receive information directly from the rods and cones and communicate that information to the ganglion cells.
Echoic Memory: Holding for definition
Decay: Holding for definition
Binge Eating Disorder: Holding for definition
Need for Power: Holding for definition
Extrinsic Motivation: Holding for definition
Sound: the movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration.
Amnesia: Holding for definition
Subliminal Perception: Refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness. the stimulus could be a word, a sound or even a smell that activates the sensory system but that is not intense enough for a person to report having experienced it.
Glucose: Holding for definition
Prime: Used in subliminal perception testing: Descriptive label that is flashed briefly at a person. Later they form impressions that are influenced by the content of that flashed label.
Bottom-Up Processing: Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole.
Intensity: Different types of stimuli activate different sense organs at different levels of intensity. The issue of how the intensity of a stimulus influences our sensory responses is considered in a branch of psychology known as psychophysics.
Arousal Approaches to Motivation: Holding for definition
Fals memories: Holding for definition
Short-term memory: Holding for definition
Relative Size: If two objects are of the same size, the one that makes a smaller image on the retina is farther away that the other one: Also, it is not just the size of the object that tells us about distance, the quality of the image on the retina helps us judge distance.
Dark Adaptation: Both Rods & Cones are involved in dark adaptation, the phenomenon of adjusting to dim light after being in brighter light. The speed at which dark adaptation occurs is a result of the rate of change in the chemical composition of the rods and cones.
Internal & External Hunger Cues influences: Holding for definition
Tollerance: The more you take the more you need to take in order to get the same effects as before. End of getting less of an effect for the same dose over time.
Visual Illusions: distorted perception of objects and other external stimuli that may be due to misleading cues in the objects themselves
Declarative memory: Holding for definition
Problem Solving: Holding for definition
Memory Trace: Holding for definition
Eating Disorders: Holding for definition
Methadone: Holding for definition
Cannabinoids: THC, Hashish, Marijauana - sometimes mixed in w/ hallucinogens or stimulants.
Psychophysics: the study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them.
Grammar: Holding for definition
Activation-Sytheses Therory: Holding for definition
Emotions: Holding for definition
Pupil: the hole or the "nothing" (black part in middle) through which light enters the eye.
Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation, Drive Reduction Theory: Holding for definition
Recognition vs. Recall memory: Holding for definition
Creativity: Holding for definition
Homeostasis: Holding for definition
Learned Associations: Holding for definition
Lateral Hypothalamus: Holding for definition
Down Regulation of receptors: gets rid of receptors- this increases tollerance. It is reversable with recovery most of the time.
Recovery: Long term process after detox.
Dreams-for-survival-Theory: Holding for definition
Antagonists: slows down or blocks activity
Stimulants: Holding for definition
Priming: Holding for definition
Cognitive Theory: Holding for definition
Accommodation: To make images clear for objects at different distances from the eye, its optical power needs to be changed. This is accomplished mainly by changing the curvature of the lens. For distant objects, the lens needs to be made flatter, for near objects the lens needs to be made thicker and more rounded.
Hippocampus: Holding for definition
Cornea: helps filter out ultra violet light- It is a transparent, protective window. The cornea, because of its curvature, bends (or refracts) light as it passes through to focus it more sharply. After moving through the cornea, the light traverses the pupil. (over time, the cornea can become clouded: this phenomenon is called "cataracts".
Self-Actualization: Holding for definition
Schemas: Holding for definition
Incentive Theory: Holding for definition
Central Executive: Holding for definition
Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Holding for definition
Long-Term Memory: Holding for definition
Unconscious wish fulfillment Theory: Holding for definition
Frequency Theory of Hearing: of hearing the theory that the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to sound.
Ciliary muscle: (control the lens - so you can keep focus. The ciliary muscle affects zonular fibers in the eye (fibers that suspend the lens in position during accommodation), enabling changes in lens shape for light focusing. When the ciliary muscle contracts, it releases the tension on the lens caused by the zonular fibers (fibers that hold or flatten the lens). This release of tension of the zonular fibers causes the lens to become more spherical, adapting to short range focus. )
Eyewitness testimony: Holding for definition
Drive: Holding for definition
Body Image & eating disorders: Holding for definition
Weber's law: A basic law of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is in constant proportion to the intesity of an initial stimulus. Just noticeable difference needs to be stated as a proportion to the initial stimulus.
Working memory: Holding for definition
Cones: low sensitivity takes a lot to activate them-low Acuity-color vision
Fovea: the fovea is a particularly sensitive region of the retina. If you want to focus on something of particular inters, you will automatically try to center the image of the fovea to see if more sharply. There is a high density of cones at the Fovea, however there are no rods.
Place Theory of Hearing: the theory that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies.
Meditation: Holding for definition
Sleep Apnea: Holding for definition
Sensory memory: Holding for definition
Leptin: Holding for definition
Trichromatic theory of color vision: The theory that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths :Book definition from "Understanding Psychology") / A theory proposing that our perception of color is determined by the ratio of activity in three receptor mechanisms with different spectral sensitivities. : (online)
Arousal Theory: Holding for definition
Biological Hunger Factors: Holding for definition
Sleep / Dream: periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - restorative - Dreams? unfinished thoughts - can help w cognitive possessing, could be things that are buried in your unconscious. Manifest Content : What you actually dream, Latent Content : underlying hidden content in your dream
Motion Parallax: is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by a movement of your body relative to the object.
Memory: Holding for definition
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon: Holding for definition
Anorexia Nervosa: Holding for definition
Night Terrors: Holding for definition
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: Holding for definition
Retrieval Cues: Holding for definition

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