Bio pages 92-102
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- chromatin
- DNA exists in when not being replicated, a diffuse mass
- nucleotides
- are the building blocks of a nucleic acid. composed of a 5 carbon sugar known as a pentose (deoxyribose or ribose) bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phospate group. the nucleotides of DNA are classified as purines or pyrimidines
- purines (adenine and guanine) always pair with
- pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine) via hydrogen bonds
- exonucleases
- all the enzymes that are involved in DNA replication
- replication bubbles
- areas at which DNA molecules separate
- adenine pairs with
- thymine
- chemically DNA contains equal amounts of
- (adenine and thymine) and (guanine and cytosine)
- composition of RNA
- a) sugar: ribose (D-ribose), b) nitrogenous bases 1)purines: adenine and guanine 2)cytosine and uracil, c)phospate group
- Important characteristics of DNA polymerases
- a) the base which will bind to the active site of the individual DNA polymerase will be that which is complimentary to the one to which it must bind on the parent strand, b)DNA polymerases can only work continuously in the 5' 3' direction, c) all DNA polymerases are unable to initiate the replication of a DNA strand on thier own and require a RNA primer in order to begin DNA replication
- parent strand 5' 3' replicates and makes
- Lag strand (3' 5' ) coppied in semidiscontinuous manner
- single stand binding protiens
- stabalize the unwound parental DNA
- DNA helicases and DNA gyrases
- recognize the origins of replication and begin to separate the DNA strands
- the helix of DNA makes one complete turn every
- 3.4 nanometers, therefore there exist 10 base pairs of nucleotides in each turn
- transfer RNA
- translation
- replication of DNA is BIDIRECTIONAL
- replication forks advance in both directions away from the origin
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- single stranded nucleic acid molecule involved in protein synthesis. the DNA determines the structure of the RNA
- composition of DNA
- a) sugar: deoxyribose (2-deoxy-D-ribose), b) nitrogenous bases 1)purines: adenine and guanine 2)cytosine and thyine, c)phospate group
- nucleic acid
- a) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and b) ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- semiconservative
- individual DNA strands separate from each other and a complimentary copy of each strand is produced, each will contain One Parent Strand and One Daughter Strand
- deoxyribose
- the carbohydrate (sugar) component of DNA. it is a pentose (5 carbon sugar) that contains one less hydroxyl group than ribose (RNA)
- nucleoside triphospates
- similar to ATP, as they join together 2 phospates are lost, energy is released and new bonds are formed between the DNA nucleotides ( G-P-P-P + C-P-P-P --> G-P=bond=C-P-P-P )
- deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of proteins of a cell
- DNA polymerase III
- pairs up complimentary nitrogenous bases in the parent and daughter strands in the lead and lag strands, *also replaces RNA bases in lead strand RNA primer
- DNA lead strand replication
- RNA primer (a short chain of RNA nucleotides made by RNA primase) attatches to DNA, DNA polymerase III can now begin to replicate, and RNA primer is replaced with DNA nucleotides by DNA polymerase III
- DNA polymerase I
- replaces the RNA bases in the lag strand RNA primers* more than one!!!!
- messenger RNA
- transcription(copy)
- DNA ligase
- connects Okazaki fragments together
- ribosomal RNA
- makes up ribosomes (most abundant form of RNA)
- bacteriophages
- virus that infects bacteria
- origins of replication
- specific sites along the DNA strand which are to be replicated
- ribose
- carbohydrate (sugar component of ribonucleic acid. ribose is a five carbon sugar (pentose)
- diameter of DNA
- 2 nanometers
- guanine pairs with
- cytosine
- history of DNA
- Frederick Griffith attempted to develop a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumonia. The first strain had a smooth surface("S"strain), second strain had a rough surface("R"strain). Mice injected with "R" strain did not develop pneumonia, the "S" strain, however, developed pneumonia and died. Dr. Griffith then mixed some of the bacteria belonging to the "R" strain with some of the dead bacteria belonging to the "S" strain and injected them into some mice, the mice died. When he cultured the blood he only recovered bacteria belonging to the "S" strain. (shows transformation)
- antiparallel shape of DNA
- strands of DNA run in opposite directions
- replication forks
- ends of the replication bubbles where the DNA daughter strand is elongating, are "V" shaped regions
- RNA primase
- makes RNA primer in lead and lag strands
- chromosomes
- condensed form of DNA when it is going to be coppied, easier to copy and make less mistakes
- what scientists thought carried genes
- cellular proteins
- anatomy of DNA strands
- one strand of DNA is 5' 3' and the other is 3' 5'. these strands of DNA run in opposite directions (antiparallel) to each other
- distance between stacked base pairs
- .34 nanometers
- parent strand 3' 5' replicates and makes
- Lead strand (5' 3' ) coppied in continous manner