AP BIOLOGY
Terms
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- integral proteins
- Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
- gap junctions
- A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells; also known as a communicating junction.
- basal body
- A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole.
- nucleus
- (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.
- cytoskeleton
- A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.
- mitochondrial matrix
- The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.
- audi
- hear
- endoplasmic reticulum
- An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.
- plasmodesmata
- An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells.
- peripheral proteins
- Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
- collagen
- A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.
- chloroplasts
- An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
- barb
- beard
- glycoproteins
- A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate
- actin
- A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
- baro
- weight
- cytosol
- The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.
- atom
- vapor
- myosin
- A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
- grana
- A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
- phagocytosis
- A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances.
- food vacuoles
- A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis.
- blast
- sprout; germ
- centrosome
- Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.
- bactr
- stick; club
- passive transport
- The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.
- microtubules
- A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.
- golgi apparatus
- An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.
- tight junctions
- A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.
- transport vesicles
- A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
- plasma membrane
- The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
- chromatin
- The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
- bene
- well; good
- centriole
- A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.
- contractile vacuoles
- A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.
- branchi
- having fins
- diffusion
- The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.
- chromosome
- A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
- flagella
- A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane
- cristae
- An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
- selective permeability
- A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
- thylakoids
- A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
- auto
- self
- ation
- used to form noun from verb
- cilia
- A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.
- mitochondria
- An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.
- peroxisome
- A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.
- rough er
- That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
- concentration gradient
- An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, the ions or other chemical substances involved tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.
- smooth er
- That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
- bio; bi
- life; living
- bath
- depth; height
- cytoplasm
- The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane.
- transport proteins
- A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.
- central vacuoles
- A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.
- eukaryotic cell
- A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote.
- fluid mosaic model
- The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
- cell wall
- A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood.
- ribosome
- A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.
- tonoplast
- A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap.
- plastids
- One of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).
- brachi
- having arms
- stroma
- The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
- bi
- two; twice; double