Bio: Evolution
Terms
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- homologous parts
- modified structures among different groups of descendents
- behavioral adaptations
- behaviors that help an animal survive--can be learned or instinctive.
- Jean Baptiste Larmarck's Hypotheses
- 1-organisms change over time. 2-the earth is millions of years old. 3-changes in the environment caused changes in organisms
- comparative embryology
- the study of developing organisms--compare embryos of different organisms and similarities show that they have common genes from a common ancestor
- population
- breeding groups
- reproductive adaptations examples
- dandelions, internal fertilization. emperor penguins breed during the harshest times of the year so that when the children are growing up and learning to survive it will not be as harsh and so cold.
- behavioral adaptations example
- instead of walking, penguins tobaggon or jump this makes them go faster.
- structural adaptations
- adaptations that involve an animal's body.
- comparative biochemistry
- the studies of organisms on a biochemical level, such as the structure of genes or protein or hemoglobin. the fewer differences that there are in these structures, the more closely related they are.
- heterotroph
- organism that requires a supply of organic material from the environment
- Use biochemical evidence to determine the relatedness of two organisms
- to compare biochemistry in organisms, scientists look at the amino acid sequences of the two different organisms, such as a horse and a human. the two are not very alike they have almost nothing in common.
- Charles Darwin
- a naturalist who came up with the theory of natural selection (1-in nature there is a tendency toward over production. 2-not all offspring that are produced survive. 3-variation exists in any population 4-variations are inherited. 5- those individuals with variations that are suitable for their environment will live longer, and leave more offspring.6--over time, the resulting population will be changed, and become better adapted to its environment.
- species
- all organisms within a breeding group
- evolution
- "descent with modification" on the small scale: it causes change in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next. in the long run: it causes the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations.
- natural selection
- process by which the best adapted individuals in a population survive and produce similarly adapted offspring
- prokaryotes
- the first organisms on earth were anaerobic, prokaryotic heterotrophs--didn't use oxygen, didn't have a nucleus, non photosynthetic. obtained energy from simple chemical reactions.
- Theory of Use and Disuse
- if a body part is used a great deal it will become larger and more developed and if a body part is not used it will become smaller. and acquired traits are inherited. however, both theories are incorrect.
- autotroph
- organism that makes its own food through a process such a photosynthesis
- theory
- an explanation or model based on observation, experimentation and reasoning.
- fossil
- any trace of an organism that lived long ago
- structural adaptations example
- the size and shape of teeth, an animal's body coverings or the way that the animal moves. penguins--thick layer of fat under skin to retain heat.
- comparative anatomy
- the study of the structures of different organisms. looking at homologous parts: parts that have similar structure provide evidence with a common ancestor. but the structures have become adapted for different uses.
- eukaryotes
- created 1.2 billion years ago, possibly a result of endosymbiosis.
- physiological adaptations example
- camel's hump stores fat that releases water, and the kidneys designed to absorb water.
- Jean Baptiste Larmarck
- Naturalist in 1800's. First person to publish work about evolution.
- vestigial organ
- structure that have no function in a living organism but may have been used in ancestors. example--the human appendix.
- adaptions
- any trait that aids the chances of chances of survival and reproduction of an organism. traits that increase an organism's fitness & ability to reproduce.
- reproductive adaptations
- helps an organism reproduce.
- Explain what evidence is there to support the theory of evolution.
- fossils, comparative biochemistry, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology and direct evidence such as evidence in certain organisms (fruitflies and anibiotic bacteria)
- physiological adaptations
- helps to regulate functions in the body. (often has a chem. basis)
- law of superposition
- older and layers of rock are found below younger ones.
- embryo
- the early stages of developing plants and animals
- o-zone layer
- 2.8 billion years ago photosynthetic organisms appeared. they produced oxygen and changed atmosphere, forming the o-zone layer