Evolution
Terms
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- disruptive selection
- ________ ________ occurs when conditions favor individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotype
- diploidy
- The state or condition of being diploid (having each chromosome in two copies per nucleus or cell)
- coevolution
- long term change that takes place in two species because of there close interactions
- directional selection
- __________ ________ is most common when a population's environment changes or when members of a population migrate to a new habitat with different environmental conditions from their former one
- Homologous Structures
- the arms, forelegs, flippers, and wings of different mammals are ________ _________ that represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestry
- Adaptation
- a process of change which allows organisms to adjust in a beneficial
- Stabilizing selection
- the average tends to stabilize by increasing the proportion of similar individuals (narrower)
- nonrandom mating
- Individuals with certain genotypes mate more frequently with one another than would be expected at random.
- bottleneck
- An operation where the work to be performed approaches or exceeds the capacity available to do it
- Phylogeny
- (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
- Analogous Structures
- structures found in different types of organisms that are similar in function or outward appearance but dissimilar in basic structure or embryological development
- chemical evolution
- The formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic molecules through chemical reactions in the oceans during the early history of the Earth; the first step in the development of life on this planet.
- divergent evolution
- evolution in which species that once were similar to an ancestral species diverge
- hybrid vigor
- the characteristic of offspring that are stronger than their parents - produced through crossbreeding
- Comparative Anatomy
- The investigation and comparison of the structures of different animals.
- sexual selection
- results from differences in traits affecting access to mates
- parallel evolution
- evolution of similar features not present in the ancestoral form in two or more related species
- A.I Oparin and J.B.S Haldane
- postulated that the reducing atmosphere (no O2) and high UV radiation would enhance the reactions that could have produced organic molecules.
- Lamarck
- Naturalist in the 1700s, proposed that traits are altered (adults acquire new traits) before being passed to offspring (acquired characteristics are inherited). (1744-1829)
- Microevolution
- evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies
- Embryology
- the branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms
- Evolution
- (biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
- endosymbiotic theory
- a theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms
- polymorphism
- (biology) the existence of two or more forms of individuals within the same animal species (independent of sex differences)
- allopatric speciation
- new species arise only when a small, local population is isolated at he margin of the geographical range of the parent species
- adaptive radiation
- the evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to various new environmental opportunities and challenges
- speciation
- The process by which a new species evolves from a prior species, the most basic process in macroevolution.
- artificial selection
- humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that posses desired traits - __________ __________
- Biogeography
- the study of the past and present distribution of species
- gene drift
- Random variation in gene frequency from one generation to another.
- sympatric speciation
- Species forms within the home range of the parent species
- phyletic gradualism
- slow steady change in a phylum with a steady accumulation of small changes
- convergent evolution
- where unclosely related organisms evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments
- puntuated equilibrium
- idea that speciation occurs in spurts followed by long periods of little change
- Macroevolution
- evolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups
- Paleontology
- The branch of biology that treats of ancient life and fossil organisms.
- Stanley Miller
- theorized that the early atmosphere of the Earth was probably like the atmosphere now present on Jupiter --i.e., rich in ammonia, methane, and hydrogen.
- Natural Selection
- Genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in populations due to differential reproductive success between individuals
- Fitness
- the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals