Music History II Unit 3
Terms
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- Classical period time frame
- 1730-1815
- The enlightenment
- philosophical movement of the 18th century marked by questioning of individual doctrines and values
- Artists of the enlightenemnt
- Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Voltaire, Rousseau
- 18th century life
- Cosmopolitan: Vienna, mixed backgrounds
- Freemasonry
- secret society of men, longing for universal brotherhood. Many composers belonged to this group
- Two examples of freemasonry
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1. Mozart's: Die Zauberflote: filled with masonic ideas
2. Beethoven's 9th Symphony: Ode to joy text, brotherhood. - Women's rights
- women started to mingle into mens groups
- Pursuit of learning
- desire for education
- Roccoco
- decorative light syle that prevailed in the courts of the 18th century
- Public concerts of the 18th century
-
Held in: Concert Spirituals (paris)
Gewanghaus (leipzig)
Vienna
Berlin
Dublin - Classical music
- music where reason prevails over emotion
- Names applied to the classical era
- Classic, Classical, Roccoco, Galant, Empfinsam (sensiblility)
- Periodicity
- two or more contrasting or complimentary phrases ending with a cadence
- harmonic periodicity
- a structure marked by frequent full and half cadences and integrated through motivic correspondences
- Alberti bass
- arpegiated bass
- Emotional contrast
- used modulation to contrast themes within the same piece
- musical rhetoric
- the way the composer sets up the antecedant and consequent
- antecedent
- question/conflict
- consequent
- answer/resolution
- absolute music
- no association with any object, idea, or event outside of itself
- Comic opera
- Opera buffa, dramma giocoso
- Opera seria
- propaganda intended to promote the emperor. 3 acts, 2 lovers, 2 alternate lovers, overture and recitative.
- Pietro Metastasio
- Librettist for operas
- Opera seria: Arias
- abbreviated da capo aria-"dal Segno"
- Johann Adolph Hasse, Opera
- Cleofide
- Italian Comic opera
- opera buffa: 2 acts, virtuosic bass vocal solos, ensemble finales, fast patter.
- French comic opera
- Opera Comique, vaudvilles: Querelle des bouffons
- Querelle des bouffons
- pamphlet war about which types of opera were more satisfying (Opera Buffa vs Tragedie Lyrique)
- Ariettes
- french adaptation of the italian aria
- Rescue opera
- character is in peril in which they cant escape. In the end they are rescued by a hero.
- England: Comic opera
- The Beggar's Opera: John Gay
- The beggars opera, John Gay
- unoriginal music. uses satire ("weird al")
- Singspiel
- "sung play" german opera which uses spoken dialogue instead of recitative (Die Zauberflote)
- Opera reform (1750's)
- composers saught to make opera a more real experience, music to be servant of drama.
- 6 Characteristics of opera reform
-
1.)Modified da capo arias
2.)Altered recitatives and arias for more flexibility
3.)Greater use of accompanied recitatives
4.)Orchestra has increased role, adding harmonic depth
5.)reintroduction of choruses
6.)composers did not cave-in to demands of singers. - Christoph Willibald Gluck
- felt music was the servant of the words/drama. Opera reform composer.
- Two operas by Gluck
-
Orfeo ed Euridice
Alceste - Domenico Scarlatti
- Son of Alessandro Scarlatti, 555 sonatas for keyboard.
- Sonata-Allegro form
-
0) Introduction (optional)
1.) Exposition
a) First Theme (home key)
b) Second theme (contrasting key)
2) Development (modulates trough various keys with fragments of original themes)
3) Recapitulation
a) First Theme (Home key)
b) Second theme (Home key)
c) Coda (ends the movement in home key) - Large Sonata Form
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First: Sonata-Allegro from (Allegro)
Second: Theme and variations, Sona-Allegro form, Ternary (A-B-A) (Andante)
Third: Minuet and trio, Scherzo and trio (Allegro)
Fourth: Sonata-Allegro form, Rondo, Theme and variations (Allegro) - Form: Italian opera overtures
- fast-slow-fast
- Giovanni Sammartini
- One of the first composers of symphony
- Empfindsaner Stil
- (sensibility) applied to passions and melancholy which typify some of the slow movements and oblogata recitatives of the early classical periods. (Strictly German)
- prussian sonatas (Carl Bach)
- exhibit new styles for younger audiences
- Wurttemberg Sonatas (Carl Bach)
- written for clavichord
- Pianoforte
- invented by Bartolommeo Cristofori
- Sturm and Drung
- Movement during 18th century which relished torment, gloomy, and irrational feelings.
- Composer of mannheim (German Symphonic)
-
Johann Stamitz: 74 symphonies
a) Group bowings
b) "Mannheim Steamroller"
c) Great dynamic range - Johann Christian Bach
-
Ca. 40 concertos for piano and orchestra
Over 90 symphonies - Franz Joseph Haydn
- (1732-1809), Born in Rohrau, Austria, Choirboy at "Stephensdom" in Vienna, Count Morzin (1758), Esterhazy Court (1721-1790), Barryton, Vienna (1790-1809), Trips to london (1791 & 1794), Johann peter solomon, Hoboken=Haydn's Cataloguer
- Haydn symphonies
- 104
- Haydn: Four movements in Large sonata form:
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1. Sonata-Allegro
2. Andante Moderato
3. Minuet and Trio (a movement introduced by Haydn)
4. Allegro (Rondo, Variation form, or Sonata-Allegro) - Haydn Symphonies 1-91
- composed while haydn worked for esterhazy
- Haydn Symphonies 82-91
- "Paris symphonies" were composed for a concert sries in france
- Haydn Symphonie 92
- composed for his honorary doctorate degree in Oxford.
- Haydn Symphonies 93-104
- "London "Symphonies" for london audiences
- Haydn Large sonata form for instrumental concertos:
-
1) Sonata-Allegro movement
a) double exposition
b) Cadenza
2) Slow, lyrical movement
3) Rondo Form
a)ABACADA
b)ABACABA
c)ABACDA
d)Etc. (any combination of repeated "A" section) - Qualites of Haydn Symphonies 88-104
- greater use of winds, tighter thematic unity, greatuer use of contrapuntal techniques
- Rhondo
- theme appears three of more times with contrasting sections between its appearences
- Haydn string quartets
- Over 70(Usually in four movements)
- Haydn Piano sonatas and trios
- 60 and 32
- Haydn mass
- Lord nelson mass
- Haydn oratorio
- The creation
- End of Haydn works
- "laudate domine" praise the lord
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- (1756-1791) Salzburg, Father: Leopold Mozart, K=kochel,
- (mozart) Salzburg years
- 17 piano sonatas, sets of variation for piano, 35 sonatas for violin and piano
- (mozart) "Rondo alla turca" Janissary music
- written in imitation of turkish military music, march rythms and percussion and instruments, such as BD cymbal and triangle.
- Gottfried von Swieten
- ambassador from berlin, introduced mozart to bach.
- (mozart) chamber music
- 23 string quartets, 6 string quintets, clarinets quintet
- (mozart)symphonies, name 2
- 41 unnumbered symphonies, 66 numbered linz and jupiter
- Characteristics of (mozart) symphonies
- greater demands on players (especially winds), greater harmonic and contrapuntal complexity, increased use of chromaticism, last movements tend to be climactic rather than light, greater dynamic contrast, pregnant use of rests.
- (mozart) concertos
- Sonata-Allegro, double exposition, andante, rondo.
- (mozart) opera librettos
- Lorenzo da Ponte
- (mozart) Don Giovanni Characters
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Don Giovanni: Archvillian/anti-hero (Baritone)
Leporello: Sidekick and servant of Giovanni (Bass)
Commendatore: Murdered father of Donna Anna (Bass) - (mozart) Don Giovanni Conquests
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Donna Anna: daughter of a military officer (Soprano)
Donna Elvira: A titled lady of Burgos (Soprano)
Zerlina: A Peasant girl (Soprano) - Singspiel(mozart)
- Die Zauberflote
- (mozart) Church music
- Requiem, finished by SuBmayer
- Ludwig Van Beethoven
- (1771-1827) Born in Bonn, moved to vienna: studied with salieri and Haydn
- (Beethoven) Heiligenstadt Testament
- Suicide letter
- Works (Beethoven)
- 9 symphonies, fidelio, violin concerto, 5 piano concertos, 11 concert overtures and incidental music, 2 masses, 16 string quartets, 9 piano trios, 10 violin sonatas, 5 cello sonatas, 32 piano sonatas (and several variations and lesser works), several lieder for piano and voice
- Beethoven's main instrument
- PIANO!!!! WOOO!!!!! YES!
- (Beethoven) Piano sonatas
- 32, Moonlight, Pathetique
- (Beethoven) Life divided into three periods
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1) First period: Classical Style
2) Second Period: Revolutionary style
3) Third Period: Introverted Style (Result of Deafness) - (Beethoven) Symphonies
- 9
- Differences from Classical Era Symphonies of Mozart and Haydn
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a) much longer
b) increased size of orchestra
c) more raw emotion
d) changed the third movement from a minuet to scherzo
e) adds chorus and soloists in the ninth symphony
f) greater contrast of dynamics - (Beethoven) Symphony 9 in D Major
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(1) Allegro ma non troppo, un poco maestoso: tightly thematic sonata allegro form.
(2) molto vivace: Scherzo (flip flop of traditional 2 and 3 placement)
(3) Adagio molto e cantabile: set of introspective variations
(4) Presto - "O fruende, nicht diese Tone!"
Long programatic introduction : includes piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and auxillary percussion (trangle, cymbals, and BD), first symphony to include vocal soloists (SATB) and chorus, sets schiller's poem "An die fruede!" - Immortal Beloved
- MOVIES!!!