BIO FINAL
Terms
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- What are T Cells and B cells
- orginally white blood cells that then become Lymphocyte stem cells in the bone marrow
- 2 circuits of the heart
- pulmonary and systemic
- colon
- reabsorption of water and vitamins occurs here nad material becomes more solid to form feces
- Antibody
- immune system protein that binds to a particular antigen
- Cardiovascular disease
- 40% of deaths in US caused by this; coronoary arteries suplly the heart with oxygen
- 2 parts of the kidney
- medula and cortex
- Red blood cells DONT have any
- organelles or nuclei
- Axon
- conducts nerve signals in the tissue from a neuron
- Nucle and Organelles exist in what type of blood cells
- White Blood Cells
- What kind of protein is Hemoglobin
- quarternary protein
- Where does digestion start
- Mouth
- Jejunum and Ileum
- 2nd part of small intestine; is where nutrient absorption occurs
- Acquired Immunity
- developes passively, actively, or by vaccine
- Macrophages
- "large eater" --large phagocytic cells that wander actively in the interstitial fluid, eating any bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter
- Connective Tissue
- supports and binds tissues, big role in storage and transport, scattered around the extracellular matrix outside of cells
- What primary role does white blood cells have
- immune role
- Duodenum
- first 25 cm of small intestine; adds hydrolase enzymes
- main functions of the liver
- converts many of the nutrients into new substance that the body needs; removes excess glucose from blood and converts it to glycogen
- Pyloric Sphincteer
- circular muscle at end of stomach
- Pulmonary Circuit
- carries blood between the heart and the tissues of lungs; oxygen pick up and Co2 drop off
- The arteries' main functions are what
- 1) take blood away from heart 2) branch into arterioles as they approach organs
- What type of blood cells carry oxygen to cells and CO2 away from cells
- Red Blood Cells
- Nervous Tissue
- conducts electrical impulses for COMMUNICATION ; in brain and spinal cord
- 3 important enzymes for nutrition and digestion
- 1) AMYLASE / LACTASE (CARBOHYDRATES) 2) pepsin/trypsin (proteins) 3) lipase (fats)
- The small intestine completes the digestion of what
- the macromolecules : carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and fats
- B cells
- in Bones; "Humoral" or "antibody mediated immunity", responds to BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
- Examples of non-specific responses
- inflammation, fever, etc..
- What are the 3 types of blood vessels
- arteries, veins, and capillaries
- Systemic Circuit
- carries blood between the heart and all other tissues; picks up CO2 and wastes
- "Effector Cells"
- specific for the invading antigen' a cell able to carry out an action in response to a command by the nervous system
- Skeletal muscle
- striated; attached to bones ; voluntary
- What is the main PROCESSING ORGAN
- the kidney (regulates water pH
- what percentage of americans are obese
- 60%
- "Positive feedback" of homeostasis
- resuslts INTENSIFY processs (ex: childbirth- contractile hormones stimulates release of more contractile hormones)
- Specific Resistance and Defense
- referred to as the "real" immune system
- Active Immunity
- Results from natural or deliberate exposure, occurs over a lifetime
- where are bile salts produced
- in liver but stored in gallbladder
- Chemical digestion
- saliva, which contains "amylase" for startch breakdown
- Passive Immunity
- disease-fighting agent is administered
- External Respiration (exhaling) is between what
- between alveoli and blood
- Main function of Capillaries
- 1) connect arteries and veins via capillary beds 2) allow gases, nutrients, and wastes to exchange with tissues
- Peristalisis
- occurs in the pharynx -- muscular contractions that move food from mouth to stomach
- Cardiac Cycle
- the alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart which pumps blood (right atrium->to lungs->to left atrium-> thru aorta to rest of body )
- Nephron
- "working unit" of the kidney
- Respiratory System main function
- exchange of gas (oxygen to mitochondrion; CO2 out)
- Cardiac Muscle
- striated but NOT branched; in HEART ; is INVOLUNTARY
- what is the main organ for chemical digestion and absorption
- small intestine
- Epidemiological studies
- Japanese diet vs. American diet
- T cells
- in Thymus ; responsible for "cell mediated immunity", responds to CELLS that have been attacked by bacteria and viruses
- What do White Blood Cells lack
- Hemoglobin
- Red blood cells carry ___ to cells and ____ away from cells
- oxygen; CO2
- Tissues
- groups of cells with structurally similar cells with a specific function
- What does blood bring to cells for electron transport and production of ATP
- oxygen
- Internal Respiration (inhaling) is between what
- between cells and blood
- Where does protein digestion begin
- begins in stomach because of "pepsin" enzymes
- Hydrolysis
- essential part of digestion (polymer build up and polymer breakdown)
- 2 types of White Blood Cells (lymphocytes) that are responsible for the immune response
- T cells and B cells
- Secondary Immune Response of B Cells
- memory cells -- last for decades
- Small Intestine
- LONGER but narrower than large intestine; all polyers break down to monomers
- Capillary Beds
- exchange between blood and tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- covers all exposed surfaces; is continuously renewed -turnover every 2 weeks
- What does homeostasis depend on
- "negative feedback" (results of a process inhibit that process), regulates blood sugar and water in cells
- Organ
- complexes of several tissues
- Pathogens
- agents that cause disease
- While percent of calories have decreased what has increased?
- portion size
- Antigen
- any foreign substance that elicits an immune response
- 6 parts of Digestions
- 1) Mouth 2) Pharynx 3) Stomach 4) Small intestine 5) Large intestine 6) Rectum
- Primary IMmune Response of B Cell
- antigen binds to lymphocyte that has the specific antibody, which triggers production of more B cells
- Large Intestine
- moves along by peristalsis (muscular contractions that move food )
- Immunity
- a long-lasting protection resulting from reaction of specific defenses to foreign pathogens
- Muscle Tissue
- most abundant type of tissue; is contractile
- "Clonal Selection"
- when more of a specific antibody is made
- Non-specific Defense
- has a similar response to all infections and does not involve specific response to specific pathogen (ex: skin, mucous lining, cilia, WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
- What is newly considered a disease
- obesity
- Antibody
- protein produced by immune system in response to the antigen -- ** attaches antigen and combats its effects **
- Main function of Veins
- 1) bring blood back to heart 2) venules from capillary to veins 3) one-way valves ensure flow toward heart
- 3 types of Muscle Tissue
- 1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth
- Biggest illness linked to diet
- obesity
- Alveoli
- special air sacs made for gas exchange in the lungs --> its the "functional unit" of the lung
- Osmoregulation
- water and solute balance
- 2 lines of defense of bacteria or disease
- 1) non-specific 2) specific
- Homeostasis
- "steady state" ; maintenance of a constant internal encironment
- pancreas
- produces pancreatic juices in the small intestine to aid in digestion
- Smooth Muscle
- in blood vessels and walls of organs; INVOLUNTARY
- 4 main tissue types
- 1) Epithelial tissue 2) Connective tissue 3) Muscle Tissue 4) Nervous Tissue
- Hemoglobin is in what type of blood cells
- Red