Midterms - Sociology - Experimental Design-Piaget's Cognitive Development
Terms
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- nonverbal communication
- ex. the fictional mr. preedy
- stages of cognitive development
- sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational
- macro level orientation
- a focus on broad social structures that characterize society as a whole (structural-functional and confliect theory)
- piaget
- guy who came up with the stages of cognitive development
- hawthorne effect
- a change in a subject's behavior based on an awareness of being studied (the zimbardo study)
- experimental design
- theorize/hypothesize, random selection, random assignment of exp. & control groups, pretest the depend. variable, apply a stimulus, post-test to measure change
- in-group
- a social group commanding a member's esteem and loyalty
- multiculturalism
- an educational program recognizing past and present cultural diversity in U.S. society, and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions
- instrumental leadership
- group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks
- concrete operational stage
- ages 7-12; child deals with concrete problems in the presence of objects in logical ways (manipulating numbers, etc.)
- operationalization
- defining how to measure a concept (for a survey, this would be the questions you write)
- paradigm
- a theory
- sensory motor stage
- ages 0-2; trial & error learning, children lack object permanence
- laissez-faire
- a type of leadership that downplays position and power, and instead allow the group to function more or less on its own
- hidden curriculum
- teaches important cultural values like competition, rigid formality, and success based on performance rather than love; important aspect of school socialization
- goffman's idealization
- why one man says that doctors look at charts: is it because they care, or because they don't have a clue about you?
- groupthink
- the tendency of group members to conform by adopting a narrow view of some issue (i.e. the kennedy administration's decision to invade cuba)
- real vs. ideal culture
- what goes along with the saying "do as I say, not as I do"
- pre-operational stage
- ages 2-7; child can't perform mental operations & lack conservation of mass; they're ego-centric and they lack objectivity
- hypothesis
- how things could/might be in the future
- folkways
- norms of little significance; they allow for personal discredtion (etiquette, language, etc.)
- karl marx & max webber
- the guys who came up with the conflict theory
- micro level orientation
- a focus on patterns of social interaction in specific situations (the symbolic-interaction theory)
- normative organization
- an organization that's based on how they think things SHOULD be; largely based on beliefs and values
- outgroup
- a social group toward which one feels competition or opposition
- Peter Berger
- Guy who describes the sociological perspective as seeing general in the particular. AKA, determine general sociological patterns based on the behavior of individuals. Some categories of people are more/less likely to become.
- formal operational stage
- ages 11/12+; though some never reach it, child applies formal logic, thinks in abstract & consequential, processes if/then, shows concern for society, becomes empathetic & introspective
- david elkine
- the guy who said the hurried child syndrome is detrimental
- latent function
- associated with structural-functionalism; results that are both observed and unintended
- central tendency
- range, mean, median, and mode are all measures of ____ _____
- performance
- the combination of an individual's dress (costume), any objects carried along (props) and a tone of voice and gestures (manner); p[art of Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis
- looking glass self
- others represent a mirror in which we perceive ourselves as they see us; it's the idea that the self is based on how others respond to us OR how we think about ourselves is inseparable from the way others see us (am I thin/does this make me look fat?). Cooley came up with it.
- manifest function
- associated with structural-functionalism; results that are both observed and intended
- mores
- norms that have great moral significance