Communication Chapters 4-6
Terms
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- nonverbal communication
- behavior other than written language
- expectancy violations model
- a model that suggests that we develop rules or expectations for appropriate nonverbal behavior and react when those expectations are violated
- perception checking
- skill of asking other observers or the person being observed whether your interpretation of his nonverbal behavior is accurate
- artifact
- clothing or another element of appearance
- kinesics
- the study of human movement, gesture, and posture
- emblem
- a nonverbal cue that has a specific, generally understood meaning in a given culture and may substitute for a word or phrase
- illustrator
- a nonverbal behavior that accompanies a verbal message and either compliments, contradicts, or accents it
- affect display
- a nonverbal behavior that communicates emotions
- regulator
- a nonverbal message that helps to control the interaction or level of communication between people
- adaptor
- a nonverbal behavior that helps satisfy a personal need and helps a person to adapt or respond to the immediate situation
- quasi-courtship behavior
- nonverbal actions consciously and unconsciously exhibited when we are attracted to someone
- haptics
- the study of human touch
- touch ethic
- a person's own guidelines or standards as to appropriate and inappropriate touch
- paralanguage (vocalics)
- nonverbal aspects of voice (like pitch, rate, volume, and use of silence)
- back-channel cue
- a vocal cue that sigals when we want to talk and when we don't
- response latency
- how long it takes someone to formulate a response to a statement or question in conversation
- proxemics
- study of how close or far away from people and objects we position ourselves
- territoriality
- study of how humans use space and objects to communicate occupancy and ownership of space
- territorial marker
- a thing or action that signifies an area has been claimed
- immediacy
- feelings of liking, pleasure, and closeness communicated by such nonverbal cues as eye contact, forward lean, touch, and open body orientation
- arousal
- feelings of interest and excitement communicated by such nonverbal cues as vocal expression, facial expressions, and gestures
- dominance
- feelings of power, status, and control communicated by such nonverbal cues as relaxed posture, greater personal space, and protected personal space
- hearing
- the physiological process of decoding sounds
- listening
- a complex process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages, which involves five steps: selecting, attending, understanding, remembering, and responding
- selecting
- the process of sorting through various sounds competing for your attention
- attending
- the process of focusing on a particular sound or message
- understanding
- the process of assigning meaning to messages
- remembering
- the process of recalling information that has been communicated
- responding
- the process of confirming your understanding of a message
- emotional noise
- a form of communication noise caused by emotional arousal
- receiver apprehension
- fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the messages spoken by others, or not being able to adjust psychologically to messages expressed by others
- decentering
- stepping away from your own thoughts and attempting to experience the thoughts of another
- paraphrasing
- checking the accuracy of your understanding by offering a verbal summary of your partner's message
- culture
- a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people and shaped from one generation to the next
- co-culture
- a culture that exists within a larger cultural context
- intercultural communication
- communication between or among people who have different cultural traditions
- culture shock
- feeling of stress and anxiety a person experiences when encountering a culture different from his or her own
- worldview
- perception shared by a culture or group of people about key beliefs and issues, such as death, God, and the meaning of life, which influences interactions with others; the lens through which people in a given culture perceive the world around them
- cultural context
- information not explicitly communicated through language, such as environmental or nonverbal cues
- high-context culture
- culture that derives much information from nonverbal and environmental cues and less information from the words of a message
- low-context culture
- culture that derives much information from the words of a message and less information from nonverbal and environmental cues
- cultural values
- that which a given group of people values or appreciates
- masculine cultural values
- emphasize achievement, assertiveness, heroism, material wealth, and traditional male and female roles
- feminine cultural values
- emphasize being sensitive towards others and fostering harmonious personal relationships with others
- collectivistic culture
- a cultural perspective that places a high value on collaboration, teamwork, and group achievement
- individualistic culture
- a cultural perspective that values individual achievement and personal accomplishments
- instrumental orientation
- a masculine approach that involves assertiveness and action, in a "me against the world" view of self and reality
- expressive orientation
- a feminine approach that emphasizes connecting with others and fostering harmonious relationships and community
- content dimension
- the what of a communication message; the verbal message
- relational dimension
- the nonverbal elements of a message, such as tone of voice and facial expressions, that convey how the message should be interpreted and provide clues about the state of the relationship between the interactants
- ethnocentrism
- the belief that your cultural traditions and assumptions are superior to others
- stereotype
- to place a person or group of persons into an inflexible, all-encompassing category
- prejudice
- judging someone before you know relevant facts or background information
- mindful
- to be aware of what you are doing and how you are communicating with others
- self-talk
- inner speech; communication with the self
- egocentric
- a preoccupied focus on one's self and one's self-importance
- other orientation
- focusing on the needs and concerns of others while maintaining one's personal integrity, achieved through the processes of socially decentering and being empathic
- social decentering
- cognitive process in which we take into account another person's thoughts, values, background, and perspectives
- empathy
- the process of developing an emotional reaction that is similar to the reaction being experienced by another person
- sympathy
- to acknowledge that someone may be feeling a certain emotion due to loss or grief; to be compassionate towards someone
- adapt
- to adjust behavior in accord with what someone else does