Communication Chapters 1-3
Terms
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- communication
- the process of acting on information
- human communication
- the process of making sense out of the world and attempting to share that sense with others by creating meaning through verbal and nonverbal messages.
- ethics
- the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which we determine what is right or wrong.
- source
- originator of a thought or emotion, who puts it into a code that can be understood by a receiver
- encoding
- a process of translating ideas, feelings, and thoughts into a code.
- decoding
- a process of interpreting ideas, feelings, and thoughts that have been translated into a code.
- receiver
- person who decodes a message and attempts to make sense out of what the source has encoded.
- message
- written, spoken, and unspoken elements of communication to which people assign meaning.
- channel
- pathway through which messages are sent.
- noice
- information, either literal or psychological, that interferes with the accurate encoding or decoding of the message
- feedback
- response to a message
- context
- physical and psychological communication environment
- content
- the part of the message that focuses on the new information, ideas, or suggested actions that a communicator wishes to share; communicates what is said
- relationship
- the aspect of a communication message that offers cues about the emotions, attitudes, and the amount of power and control the speaker directs toward others; communicates how something is said
- rule
- a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is expected or preferred as well as prohibited in a specific situation.
- intrapersonal communication
- communication that occurs within yourself, including your thoughts and emotions
- language
- the system of symbols (words or vocabulary) structured by rules (grammar) that makes it possible for people to understand one another
- symbol
- a word,figure, sound, or expression that represents a thought, concept, object, or idea
- other oriented
- focusing on the needs and concerns of others while maintaining one's personal integrity
- adapt
- to adjust both what is communicated and how a message is communicated; to make choices about how best to formulate a message and respond to others to achieve your communication goals
- interpersonal communication
- communication that occurs simultaneously with another person in attempt to mutually influence one another, usually for the purpose of managing relationships.
- impersonal communication
- communiation that treats people as objects, or that responds only to their roles, rather than who they are as unique people
- group
- a collection of three to fifteen people who have a common goal, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and influence others.
- small-group communcation
- the transactive process of creating meaning among a group
- dyad
- a two-person interaction
- team
- a coordinated small group of people organized to work together to achieve a common goal
- presentational communication
- a context of communication that occurs when a speakeraddresses a large audience in person
- rhetoric
- the process of using symbols to influence or persuade others
- subjective self-awareness
- an ability to differentiate the self from the social and physical environment
- objective self-awareness
- an ability to be the object of one's own attention, to be aware of state of mind, and to realize that one is thinking and remembering
- symbolic self-awareness
- a unique human ability to develop and communicatea representation of oneself to others
- self
- the sum total of who a person is, a person's central inner force.
- self-concept
- a person's subjective description of who he or she is
- self-image
- a person's view of self in a particular situation or circumstance
- attitude
- learned predisposition to respond to a person, object, or idea in a favorable or unfavorable way
- belief
- the way in which you structure your understanding of reality: what is true and what is false
- value
- enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong
- material self
- your concept of self as reflected in all of the tangible things your own
- social self
- your concept of self as developed through your personal, social interactions with others
- spiritual self
- your concept of self, based on your thoughts and introspections about your values and moral standards
- self-reflexiveness
- the human ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it
- self-esteem (self-worth)
- your evaluation of your worth or value as reflected in your perception of such things as your skills, abilities, talents, and appearance.
- sex
- a biological designation of being male or female
- gender
- a cultural construction which includes biological sex (male or female), psychological characteristics, attitudes about the sexes, and sexual oreintation
- social comparison
- process of comparing yourself to others to measure your worth in a relationship to others who are similar to you.
- self-expectations
- goals you set for yourself;how you belief you ought to behave and what you ought to accomplish
- self-fulfilling prophecy
- notion that predictions about your future actionsare likely to come true because you belive that they will come true
- self-talk
- inner speech; communication with the self
- visualization
- technique of imagining that you are performing a particular task in a certain way; a method of enhancing self-esteem
- reframing
- process of redefining events and experiences from a different point of view.
- perception
- the arousal of any of your senses
- attention
- what you attend to or notice in your environment
- selection
- what you choose to focus on within a range of stimuli in your environment
- organization
- converting information
- closure
- perceptual process of filling in missing information
- interpretation
- attaching meaning to what is attended to, selected, and organized
- stereotype
- generalization applied to persons because you perceive them to have attributes common to a particular group
- indirect perception checking
- passively seeking additional information to confirm or repute your interpretations of someone's behavior
- direct perception checking
- asking other persons or the person you are observing whether your interpretations of a perception are correct
- meaning
- how a person interprets or makes sense of a symbol
- bypassing
- the same words mean different things to different people
- denotative meaning
- restrictive or literal meaning of a word
- connotative meaning
- personal and subjective meaning of a word
- concrete meaning
- related to being able to experience a referent with one of the senses
- abstract meaning
- meaning resulting from an inability to experience a referent with one of the senses
- culture
- a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, rules, and norms that is shared by a group of people and shaped from one generation to the next.
- polarization
- the tendency to describe things in extremes, as though no middle ground exists
- allness
- language that reflects unqualified, often untrue generalizations that deny individual differences or variations
- sexist (exclusive) language
- language that reveals bias in favor of one sex and against another
- heterosexist language
- language that reveals an assumption that the world is heterosexual, as if homosexuality or bisexuality did not exist
- homophobic language
- language that overtly denigrates persons of nonheterosexual orientations, usually arising out of a fear of being labeled gay or lesbian
- generic language
- general terms that stand for all persons or things within a given catagory
- trigger word
- a form of language that arouses strong emotions in listeners
- supportive communication
- language that creates a climate of trust, caring, and acceptance
- defesive communication
- language that creates a climate of hostility and distrust
- empathy
- feeling what another person is feeling