Child Psych Ch 15
Terms
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- Childhood Depression
- overcontrolled behaviors, causes impaired ability to think/focus, linked with fear/anxiety, children may not be able to express due to cognitive immaturity
- Pervasive developmental disorders
- impair interaction and communication skills, extremely disturbed (such as psychoses)
- Undercontrolled Child Disorders
- lacks self-control and acts out, group of disturbances, such as aggression, poor impulse control
- Cognitive theories of Childhood Depression
- learned helplessness
- Overcontrolled Child Disorders
- group of disturbances overly controlled, withdrawing, lack spontaniety, unhappy, such as phobias, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders
- Causal factors of ADHD
- Biological, Psychological, but appears to be heterogenous disorder with multiple causals
- Causes of Childhood Depression
- biological theories, social/psychological theories/cognitive theories
- Social/Psychological theories of Childhood Depression
- child adjustment problems, reciprocal link between depression and stressful life events
- Cultural & Suicide
- Japan - honorable (high), Muslim/Catholic-low, Native Americans - high, African/Latino-American - increasing
- Drug Abuse
- substance-related disorders (separate from childhood disorders), substance abuse
- Medical Model of Abnormality
- prognosis, etiology, diagnosis
- Suicide
- 3rd leading cause of death in adolescents, 2nd leading college students, culture effects rates, girls more likely to attempt
- ..deviation from average
- based on stats
- Developmental Psychopathology
- examines origins, course, changes and continuites in disordered or maladaptive behavior over a person's life span....2) viewed in relation to children's normal development and to the major task that occur as children mature, 3) studies earliest precursors of disordered behavior, 4) multiple pathways to both normal/abnormal adjustment
- Psychoses
- disturbances in which functioninng is so maladaptive to the point of being "out of reality"
- Biological theories of Childhood Depression
- affected by parental depression by age 3
- Treating Autistic Children
- discouraging, increasing use of meds, operant behavior therapy (help with basical self-care) most effective
- Treating Childhood Depression
- better response than conduct disorders, antidepressant drugs, cognitive behavior therapy
- Problems with Treatment of Autistic Children
- not just 1 cure, meds decrease hyperactivity but not core issues
- Etiology
- causes of specific disorder
- Autistic
- most common pervasive developmental disorder, early infantile/childhood autism, must be diagnosed before 3, specturm disorder
- Causes of Autism
- appears biological, but not specified. Found chromose abnormality, older sibling, evidence in MRIs of brain enlargement, probs with emotional cues, maternal prenatal rubella, 70s vaccination to prevent miscarriage, increase maternal/paternal age
- Characteristics of ADHD
- overactive, impulsive, problems following rules, poorly sustained attn, poor tracking, however inappropriate activity seems to diminsh during adolescense, other problems persist
- Diagnosis
- based on symptoms, include information about forms of treatment
- Identifying ADHD
- conflicts with adults and ppers, peform poorly in school, create classroom-mgmt probs for teachers, lack good self-esteem
- NIMH Trials (ADHD)
- Nat'l Institute of Mental Health. 4 Groups (G1=only meds, G2=only psychsocial TX, G3=meds&psychosocial, G4=routine pediatric TX)...all groups improved, but G1&G3 most improved in ADHD symptoms, G3 most improved socially, too.
- Prevention & Treatment
- community psychology, psychoactive medication, play therapy, behavior therapy, family therapy
- Community Psychology
- 1st level - developmental psych, level 2&3: child psychologists
- Child Disorders
- descriped in terms of amount of control children have over them (over/under-controlled, which often occur together)
- Co-morbidity
- co-occurence of 2 or more problem behaviors
- ...deviation from ideal
- difficult: are there guidelines to follow? cross-cultural?
- Treatment Method of Autism
- Behavior Therapy, Family Therapy, Community Psychology/Prevention, effectiveness of any depends on type of what is being treated
- Depression Development in Children
- diagnosis frequency increases with age, full depression at formal operations stage, increasing rates in young males, associated with increased risk of suicide
- Resilence Related to...
- warm/supportive parent, intelligence, independence, easy temperament, high self-esteem, internal locus of control, adaptability, female
- Cognitive Behavior Therapy
- technique useful in treated depression in adolescents. Goals: decrease self-consciousness/feelings of being deifferent and teaching strategies for dealing with depressive moods and for acquiring a more positive outlook and improving social interactiosn
- Community Psychology
- 3 forms, social/psychological intervention in which psychologists try both to change general social conditions that play a role in child/adult's psych problems and treatment
- Social Judgments of Abnormality
- More likely to consider behavior deviant if: male, difficult temperament, unattractive, other forms of deviance, referring adult is depressed/abusive
- Lovaas Study on Autistic Children
- 1987, 3 Groups: G1 40hrs of in-home asst, G2: 10 hrs, G3: 1hrs. Group 1 increased intelligence levels with some LT effects
- Psychological causal of ADHD
- social stressors
- Treating ADHD
- Medication approach, behavior therapy
- Characteristics of Autism
- extreme aloneess, language abnormalities (echolalia), attempts to preserve sameness, may learn to master few tasks for functioning in real world, obsessive self-stimulatory behavior, idiot savant, 3-5B:1G
- Rule Violations
- deliquency is a legal term that includes status and criminal offenses
- Biological causal of ADHD
- psychostimulant medications (slowing down effect), may be genetic but hard to determine,
- ADHD
- Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Abnormal
- Medical Model, deviation from average, deviation from ideal, social judgments
- Psychoactive Medication
- chemical substances to alter moods/thinking, used on hyperactive children w/out firm diagnosis, disproportionate use on minorities/poor
- Family Therapy
- disorder is symptom of entire family
- Behavior Therapy
- soc/operant conditioning, teaching of life skills, useful
- Play Therapy
- most common form of psychotherapy, toys=symbolically important, little evidence of effectiveness, help build trusting relations with nonanalytically-oriented clincians
- Factors contributing to Evolution of Conduct Disorders
- rule violations, drug abuse