Comm 272: Interpersonal Communications
Terms
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- Communication Competence
- Ability to communicate in a personally effective a socially appropriate manner
- Interpersonal communication
- Process whereby 2 or more individuals collectively create and regulate social reality by use of shared symbols
- Performative vs Process Competence
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Performative: delivery/performance
Process: mental perception - 5 Types of Comm. Competence
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1. Message Comp
a. Verbal
b. Nonverbal
c. relational
2. Self competence
3. Role Comp
4. Goal Comp
5. Interpretive Comp - 5 Requirements for competent comm.
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1. Assign meaning to the surrounding world
2. Set Strategic goals
3. Embody appropriate social roles
4. Present a valued self image
5. Create easily understandable messages - 4 Standards for evaluating effectiveness of comm:
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1. Understanding
2. Goal Acheivement
3. Relationship Enhancement
4. Pleasureable - Why do we form relationships?
- To reduce uncertainty
- 3 ways we reduce uncertainty in relationships?
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1. Cultural norms/Experiences
a. IN/OUT group
b. High/Low context
2. Sociological Data (women like flowers)
3. Information seeking
a. Active (ask)
b. Passive (observe)
c. Interactive (ask-respond - 6 Characteristics of Relationships
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1. Awareness
2. Develop through coordinated interaction
3. Analyze and evaluate as they develop
4. Influenced by outside sources
5. Controlled by relationships
6. Construced and maintained though comm. - Functions of relationships
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1. Utility
2. Affirmation/Encouragement
3. Ego support
4. Stimulation
5. Security - Characteristics of a healthy "growing" relationship
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1. Shared vision of relatioship future
2. Rules negotiated and executed
3. Partners share burden of relationship maintenence
4. Elaborated Communication Patterns
5. Metacommunication is valued: state of relationship talks - Communication
- Process whereby humans collectivley create and regulate social reality
- Process
- Any object or thing that is moving, has no beginning and no end, constantly changing
- Communication as a ___, ___, and ___
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Creative Endevor
Collective
a Regulator - Factors that affect attraction
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1. Proximity
2. Similarity
3. Complementary Needs
4. Temporary States
Anxiety
Isolation
Low self esteem - State Models of Relationships
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Characteristics of individuals drive relationship formation and stability
Different behaviors are enacted as relathionships develop over time
Ability to negotiate relational stages det. relational dev.
Relationship def. are negotiated through comm. - Developemental stages of relationships
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1. Initiating
2. Experimenting
3. Intensifying
4. Integrating
5. Bonding - Confirming relational messages
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1. Direct acknowlegement
2. Agreement about content
3. Supportive
4. Clarifying
5. Expression of positive feelings - Relational Dissolution Stages
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1. Differenciating (I dont understand you)
2. Circumscribing (avoid questions about rel.)
3. Stagnating (silence)
4. Avoiding
5. Terminating - Teh process wehreby humans collectivley create and regulate social reality
- Communication
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any object or activity are moving, have no beginning and no end, and constantly changing.
ex) communication: active continuous and flowing aner the same form one minute to the next - Process
- An approved social identity, what we present to others for thier approval
- face
- the ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially approved manner
- communicative competence
- second underlying principle of competent communication is that consists of all cognitive activity and knowledge necessary to generate adequate performance.
- process competence
- perceptual knowledge needed in order to communicate we must be able to assign meaning to the world; we must know how to see it.
- implicit knowledge
- the ability to make message choices that others can comprehend as well as to respond to the message choices of others
- message competence
- the ability to process adn use linguitic devices to convey content in effective ways
- verbal competence
- the ability to process and use nonverbal coeds to convey content in effective ways
- nonverbal competence
- the ability to process adn create messages that convey the type of relationships as assumed or desired by a communicator at a given moment
- relational competence
- the ability to label, organize, and interpret the conditions surrounding an interaction
- interpretive competence
- the ability to take on social roles and to know what is appropriate behavior given these roles
- role competence
- ability to choose and present a desired self-image
- self competence
- who we think we are is closely tied to how we present ourselves to others
- self-concept
- how we feel about our self concept
- self-esteem
- the ability to set goals, anticipate probable consequences adn choose effective lines of action
- Goal competence
- becoming aware of whats going on when you communicate; concentrating on form in addition to content; watching yourself as you communicate
- Process Perspective
- silent communication taking place in our head
- Intrapersonal Communication
- communication between two people, generally in a face to face interaction
- Interpersonal communication
- As soon as a third person joins in on teh interaction communication ceases to be interpersonal
- Small group communication
- type of communication found in business or industry; within a strongly defined hierarchy
- organizational competence
- when a single speaker addresses a large group of individuals simultaneously
- face-to-face public communication
- Radio, televison, newspapers, magazines....ect.
- mediated public/mass communication
- How some scholors see relationships; all the things two people do when they are together
- Relationships as contellations of behaviors
- What tony does affects tina and what tina does affects tony
- interdependence
- relationships exist in our minds when we think about one an other
- relationships as cognitive constructs
- an idealized image of how things should be; Relationships as Cognitive constructs
- relational prototype
- when two people form a relationship they develop thier own small scale culture
- relationships as mini-cultures
- see relationships as dialogues between two opposing voices each expressing a different adn contradictory impulse; the way couples come to terms with these differences
- relationships as collections of contradictory forces adn dialectical approach
- beginning to act with the other person in mind; actions are no longer individual
- joint actions
- consists of the word or words used to describe a relationship (30)
- natural language label
- characteristics a relationship must have to be classed by a given natural language label (30)
- criterial attributes
- behaviors that display an attribute (30)
- communicative indicators
- occurs when stress in the workplace affects the spouse at home
- Crossover
- close personal relationships that can become more personal and unique (34)
- Private relationships
- related in impersonal ways adn very little change occurs over time
- Public relationships
- messages about the content at hand
- Content messages
- messages about the relationship itself; conveying meaning by how something is said as well as what is said; avoiding a personal question reveals something about the relationship (35)
- relational messages
- Duck calls this building a healthy relationship
- relationshipping
- level of role competence; inflexible; cant modify roles and cant take on new ones
- Minimally competent
- level of role competence; willing to change if the sense the willingness is reciprocal
- satisfactorily competent
- level of role competence; teh most interpersonally skilled; know when to adapt and when not to.
- optimally competent
- Indicate meaning by being close to what they convey; actors movements are like those of real people experiences real emotions; many nonverbals convey these codes
- analogic code
- meaning is displaying symbolically; Units of meaning that are arbitrary (thier reltionship to things is artificial) and conventional and based on social agreement
- digital code and symbol
- Difference between Analogic and digital codes?
- analogic codes seem to express emotion and relationships, while digital codes are useful for more abstract, logical meanings
- the study of word meaning adn morphemes (linguistic unit of meaning) dog vs dog(s)
- semantics
- public, conventional; the meaning was agreed upon when the language code was constructed
- denotative meaning
- private and emotionally charged meaning; attached to words through experience and associations ex)baseball
- connotative meaning
- study of the process by which words are combined adn ordered into grammatical sequences
- syntactics
- Meaning based on word order; Sam wants to marry tina, tina wants to marry sam; same words different order/meaning
- syntactic meaning
- investigates language as used in actual interaction
- pragmatics
- The things we intend language to do for us; promising, praising, questioning, declaring warning, requesting....
- speech act
- rules that tell us how to recognize speech acts; CMM (coordinated management of meaning)
- constitutive rule
- CMM rules that help us to recognize in a given context when speech acts are appropriate and inappropriate
- regulative rule
- made up of a set of speech acts that fit together naturally
- episode
- In regards to speech acts, knowing this will help understand the meanings, adn be able to say the right thing in the proper context
- relationship
- This answers teh question of "who am I or who do I wish to be?"
- life script
- determine the nature and function of talk; (Language at the Level of the Speech Act)
- cultural pattern
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The influence of language on thoughts; 1. determines the way we look at the world
2. Speakers of different languages will see the world diff. - Sapir-Whorf hypothesis adn linguistic determinism adn linguistic relativity
- Middle class syntax which exhibits more varitey and complexity
- elaborated code
- working class use grammar in more rigidly determined ways, employing commonly shared forms they assume listeners dont need things spelled out; not designed well for outsiders
- restricted code
- words such as: kind of, maybe, somewhat
- qualifiers
- fragments such as "right" "ok" tacked onto the end of sentences
- tag endings
- sentences taht ward off criticism: "I may be wrong, but"
- disclaimers
- Characteristics of how communicate vs how men do such as qulifiers, tag endings and disclaimers
- female register
- whenever we choose words we choose points of view as well
- critical theorists
- When a group cannot express itself in the terms of the dominant group they are said to be silenced; masculine meaning tends to win out over female (103)
- muted-group theorists
- extra information contained in a response that can suggest additional topics; "it never rains where Im from"
- free information
- Levels of CMM theory (coordinated management of meaning)
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1. Cultural Pattern
2. Life script
3. relationship
4. episode (activity)
5. speech act (what is sender trying to do)
6. Content (what is actually said or done) - What is actually said about a topic
- Content Messages
- cues that tell us what sort of a message a content message is; let us know if statement is a putdown, compliment, sarcasim...
- Relational Messages
- when these accumulate they give us a sense of who we are to one an other; specify how people should treat each other; tells each other what we think of them
- relational definitions
- if two people develop common behaviors or orientations they can form their own
- relational culture
- implicit negotiation of waht people expect to contribute and gain from a realtionship
- relational contract
- relational themes
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1. Dominance-submission
2. Emotional arousal
3. composure (relaxed, tense)
4. Similarity
5. Formality (culture vs privately guided)
6. Task-social orientation (task at hand vs each other)
7. Intimacy
a. Affection-Hostility
b. Trust
c. Depth-superficiality (know alot about you/keep things secret)
d. Inclusion/Exclusion
e. Intensity of involvement
(how important are we to each other) - messages that indicate the want to take control or limit the actions of others; denials, disagreements; interuptions or topic changes
- one-up message
- messages taht indicate a relinquisment of freedom; agreeing, giving up the floor, or allowing another to direct conversation
- one-down message
- statements that indicate equivilence or failing to imply control
- one-across message
- responses that make us value ourselves more
- confirming message
- responses that make us devalue ourselves
- disconfirming message
- speakers present themselves in contradictory ways
- paradoxical definitions
- an impossible order; one that must be disobeyed to be obeyed; damned if we do and damned if we dont
- paradoxical injunction
- a situation where there is no correct response; victim must be faced with a paradoxical injuction adn relationship must be intense (125)
- double blind
- group of Psycotherapists that wanted to learn why some relationships were so destructive which they thought could be found in communication patterns (126)
- Palo Alto
- smallest unit to carry relational meaning is not a single act, but at least two acts in sequnce, or what is called an
- Interact
- lets us know when a sequence begins
- punctuation (relational patterns)
- a sequence characterized by one ups followed by one downs
- complementary pattern (relational patterns)
- consisting of acts that are similar
- symmetrical pattern (relational patterns)
- a pattern consists off all one ups
- competitive symmetry (relational patterns)
- a pattern consists of all one downs
- submissive symmetry (relational patterns)
- when the actions of one party intensifys the actions of the other; often a result of competitive symmetry
- spiral
- Participants feel out of control; a clear sequence will tell the other what will come next; immediate reaction to triggaring messages (129)
- URP (Unwanted Repetitive Patterns)
- ability to spontaneously identify with another on a direct emotional level
- empathy
- more congnitively oriented appraisal of how the other perceives himself, his sitch, adn his emotions; trying to understand where the other person is coming from
- perspective-taking
- the cognitive structures and processes that influence our perceptions of others and social events
- Social cognition
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a cognitive structure that helps us to process and organize information
1. Prototype
2. Personal construct
3. Stereotype
4. scripts - schema is and includes
- organized set of knowledge that reflects the best example of a category of persons, objects, or events
- prototype
- allows us to describe things and in greater detail adn make judgements about them. deciding how two things are similar yet diff. from a third (145)
- personal construct
- closely related to prototypes but they are not the same. Prototype: categorizes people; this goes beyond to a level of prediction; A set of beliefs about the probable behavior of members of a particular group.
- stereotypes
- guides to action; coherent sequence of events expected by the ind. as either the participant or as the observer. "what can I do now" "what do I do next"
- scripts
- placing ourselves in or avoiding situations where we will be certain to encounter a specific stimulus
- selective exposure
- refers to active participation in det. which of the many stimuli we will actually perceive
- selective attention
- internal cognitive representations about common, recurring interation routines within a defined cultural millieu
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social episodes
Parent teacher conferences, family dinner - when a situation is completely scripted
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closed episodes
rules for proper behavior are known in advance adn govern the flow of interaction - situation where no percieved plan is apparent
- open episode
- an open episode where participants try to negotiate some closures
- defined episode
- belief that certain individual traits are related to other traits
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implicit personality theory
assume they have all traits if they have one of them - first impressions as lasting impressions
- primacy effect
- recent observations change initial impressions
- recency effect
- involves both percetion and behavior; when one believes something is true of another, he will act towards the other person as if that belief is fact
- self-fullfilling Prophecy
- system is greater in number of personal constructs (differenciatation) includes more abstract psychological categories adn has more elaborate ways of relating various constructs (integration)
- cognitive complexity
- the awareness of images of self adn teh ability to adapt these images to the situation at hand
- self-monitoring
- definition of a relationship is worked out over times adn est. with est. patterns of behavior
- master contract
- Jones/Davis focused on the conditions taht lead people to make dispositional attributions - people have choices adn makes us make judgements
- correspondant inference theory
- TAkes into account the types of information we gather in order to attribute a cause to someones behavior
- covariance theory
- refers to a believe that given the same social circumstances, most people would act in a similar mannar
- concensus
- similar behaviors performed by a single individual over time
- consistancy
- something specific elicited this behavior
- distinctiveness
- explain other people by their personality dispositions
- personality bias
- when asked to explain our own behavior; situation vs personality
- situational bias
- listening simply to discriminate between stimuli
- discriminatory listening
- pleasure reasons for listening
- appreciative listening
- active recieving and learning new information
- comprehensive listening
- We listen to make judgements
- evaluative listening
- we listen to help others
- empathatic listening
- to state in your own words what you think the other person means
- paraphrasing