Comm330 exam2

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deception: intentionally managing verbal and/or nonverbal messages so that the target will believe or understand something in a way that the deciever knows is false
(always INTENTIONAL)
lies: (aka falsifications or fabrications) involve making up information or giving info that is not the truth
equivocaion: (aka evasion) involves making an indirect, or contradictory statement
--not really answering the question
concealment: (aka omission) people omit info they know is important
--not lying, just not telling
exaggeration: (aka overstatement) stretching the truth to make themselves look better/spice up the story
--EX: job interviews
minimizations: (aka understatements) people downplay aspects of the truth
--EX: saying you didnt do very well on an exam, when you really failed
partner-focused motives: using deception to avoid hurting the partner, to help them maintain self-esteem, to avoid worrying partner
self-focused motives: wanting to enhance or protect your self-image or trying to avoid anger, embarassment, critisism
--SELFISH reasons
relationship-focused motives: wants to eliminate relational harm by avoiding conflict or unpleasant experience
behavioral familiarity: knowing a person's normal behavior and communication style to detect if they are acting different and decieving
attachment: effectional bond or relatively or relatively enduring bond in which the partner is important as a unique individual, interchangeable with none other
attachment style: a social interaction style that is consistent with the type and quality of relationship one wishes to share with others, based on working models of self and others
secure attachment style: children tend to have responsive and warm parents, recieve moderate levels of stimulation, interaction with caregivers, children cry when parent leaves
--parents tend to find the "goodness of fit" some children need more cuddling, etc.
avoidant attachment style: children have caregivers who are insensitive or trying too hard to please- usually either over- or understimulated- their needs are not being met- they do not cry when parent leaves
anxious-ambivalent attachment style: inconsistent behavior or caregivers (responsive at times, unresponsive at others-ex: busy w/ divorce, alcohol)- children develop doubt and insecurity- they often protest when parent leaves but are angry when they come back
preoccupieds: have positive models of others but negative models of themselves- overdependent on relationships- try to gain approval of others and feel unworthy
fearful avoidants: have negative models of themselves and others- they are afraid of hurt/rejection- they want to depend on ppl but find it difficult
dismissives: have positive models of themselves and negative models of others- they are so self-sufficient that they shun others away- defense mechanism to feel good about self and avoid critisism- dont feel need for intimate relationships- often controlling
theory of self: involves self-esteem (how negatively or positively we view ourselves) and identidy(who we are and what we are like)
halo effect: the tendency to overgeneralize someones positive qualities based on attractive physical appearance
positive affect cues: convey warmth and pleasantness
immediacy cues: behaviors that signal availability and interest in interaction (gaze, closeness, forward lean, open body positions)
self-expansion theory: 1) people try to expand themselves
2) people enter relationships to expand their identidy
3) a relationship's success depends on the ability of the relationship to expand the partners experiences and sense of self
dramaturgical perspective: we continually enact performances that are geared for particular audiences, w/ the purpose of advancing an image that is beneficial to us
front stage: where our performances are inacted and our behaviors are observed by an audience
back stage: where we can let our guard down and not have to think about staying in character
politeness theory: focuses on specific ways that people manage face using communication
positive face: the favorable image that people portray to others and hope to have validated by others
negative face: the perception that a person can do what he or she wants without having to worry about others' reactions
preventive facework: efforts to avoid or minimize potential face threat (ex: could be disclaimers)
corrective facework: efforts to repair the identidy already damaged...could be after something embarassing
**6 types: avoidance, humor, apologies, accounts, physical demediation, aggression
content messages: what is actually said about the topic
relational messages: cues that tell us what sort of a message a content message is because of who is saying it/how its being said
relational definitions: give us an overall sense of who we are to one another
relational culture: if 2 people develop common orientations and behaviors
relational contract: the "rules" of a relationship, even if they are not stated
relational themes: dominance-submission, emotional arousal, composure, similarity, formality, task-social orientation, intimacy
one-up messages: a dominant message that indicates a desire to take control or limit the action of others
one-down messages: messages that indicate the desire to give in in an arguement
one-across messages: messages indicating equivalence or failing to imply control
affection-hostility: how far somone can be pushed before affection turns to annoyance
depth-superficiality: the extent to which partners are willing to give each other access to personal information
inclusion-exclusion: indicate the willingness to associate with others
confirming messages: repsonses from other people that make us value ourselves more
disconfirming messages: responses from other people that make us devalue ourselves
paradoxical definitions: speakers present themselves in contradictory ways--"i am a liar" if they really are a liar, then they are telling the truth
paradoxical injunction: an impossible order- you must disobey to obey--"Stop giving in to me!" if you stop, then you are giving in to their command
double blind: there is no "correct" reponse--father tells teen to be more independent but then tries to draw them back in when they do
Palo Alto group: these researchers wanted to know why some relationships were so destructive--they felt they could find the answer through communication
complementary patterns: when the acts in a sequence are opposite, a repeated pattern of one-ups and one-downs
symmetrical patterns: a pattern consisting of acts that are similar
*competitive symmetry=all one-ups
*submissive symmetry=all one-downs
spiral: when the actions of each party intensify the actions of the other
unwanted repetitive patterns (URPs): participants feel out of control, everytime you got together a fight would occur
empathy: the ability to spontaneously identify with another on a direct emotional level
perspective-taking: how the other percieves himself, his situation, and his emotions
civility: an activity which protects people from each other and yet allows them to enjoy each other's company
filtering theory: when and how we use the verbal and nonverbal cues of other to determine their attractiveness as a relational partner
(1) sociological or incidental cues (2) pre-interaction cues (3) interaction cues (4) cognitive cues
reciprocal liking: we are often attracted to ppl simply because they have shown an attraction to you
position: a social label that tell ppl who we are, what our duties and rights are, and where we stand in comparison to others
role rigidity: when a role takes over one's identidy..they can't get out of a certain role
looking-glass self: the self that comes to us through others..how you are from the outside/how ppl treat you
social comparison theory: when people turn to other people to see how their opinions and abilities stack up
self-perception theory: one way to learn about who we are in through self-observation
line: verbal and nonverbal behaviors we use during performance
personal front: costume, makeup, physical characteristics, gestures
back region: the private area where social actors can escape the critical eye of their audience
role distance: we find a way to let others know that the roles we play do not completely define us
role sets: others who help put on a given performance (ex: for a rock star- band members, bodyguards, groupies)
altercasting: picking people to have relationships with to make yourself look better, or to define yourself the way you want to look
mirroring: following the lead of a partner (opposite of altercasting)
mutual negotiation: both characters work together to contruct roles that are mutually satisfactory
intergroup uncertainty reduction: several different conditions that make it more likely that uncertianty will be reduced in intercultural interactions
predicted outcome theory: if you like someone, that person has a positive outcome value
dialectics theory: ppl have opposing interpersonal needs--ppl want to be close and connected to others, but they also want to be independent
uncertainty in illness theory: ppl would rather not know information then know bad information (ex: ppl would rather not know if they have an STD, so they don't get tested
expenctancy violation theory: ex: occurs when your expect your best friend to be happy for you because you won an award, and instead they are frowning
predictive expectancies: tell ppl what to expect in a given situation based on what normally occurs in that situation
prescriptive expectancies: tell ppl what to expect based on general rules of approprateness
communicator characteristics: ex: you would expect an old woman to be more polite than a teenage boy
social emotions: developed age 3/4 (jealousy, embarassment, guilt, shame) w/o these emotions everyone would be out of control
working consensus: where audience and performer can agree on definition of the situation...not set in stone
expression given: what the performer wants the audience to feel (ex eminem giving finger)
expression given-off: what performer does NOT intend for the audience to see (ex eminem looking scared in jail) *TRUER than expression given
impervious response: parent completely ignores what child said..child feels like they don't exist
tangential response: very brief "thats nice" then change the subject
incongruous response: WORST response...things not going together- Dad beating you and saying "I'm doing this because i love you"
the dismissing parent: treats children as if their feelings are not important, try tomake emotion go away by ignoring them and shaming them b/c parent cant handle it
the disapproving parent: punishes children for showing negative emotions

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