Psychology-Chapter 8 Terms
Terms
undefined, object
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- texture-density
- The farther removed an object is, the less detail we can identify. It is one of your monocular depth cues.
- ear flap
- outer part of the ear where sound to be directed into the auditory canal
- rods
- sensitive to low levels of light
- motion sickness
- where there is a lack of a sense of balance making it hard to walk and maybe cause you to stumble or fall
- lights, electricity and magnetism
- forms of electromagnetic radiation
- kinesthesis
- the sense of movement and body postition
- pitch
- depends on sound-wave frequency or the rate of the vibration of the medium through which the sound wave is transmitted
- continuity
- we tend to see continuous patterns, not disrupted ones
- ganglion cells
- cells whose axons converge to form optic nerves which send neural signals to the brain
- decibels
- the softest sound humans can detect
- proximity
- when we see a number of similar objects, we tend to perceive them as groups or sets of those that are close to each other
- figure-ground perception
- our visual system organizes images into figures that we see and a ground or background
- blind spot
- the small are, insensitive to light, in the retina of the eye where the optic nerve enters
- signal-detection theory
- the study of people's tendencies to make correct judgments in detecting the presence of stimuli
- simplicity
- we see the simplest shapes as possible
- lens
- a flexible, transparent structure in the eye that changes its shape to focus light on the retina
- psychoanalysis
- comprises of several interlocking theories concerning the functioning of the mind, unconscious basis for systems/ problems
- papillae
- little bumps on the top and sides of the tongue
- illusions
- perceptions that misrepresent physical stimuli
- flavor
- the combination of taste, smell and tactile sensations
- Weber's law
- the principle that the layer or stronger a stimulus, the larger the change required for an observer to notice a difference
- olfactory nerve
- the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain
- pupil
- the opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye
- microvilli
- extensions of taste buds nuclei that extend into the pore of the taste bud; sense receptors for taste; can detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami tastes; more than one type exists per taste bud although they seem to be concentrated in different areas of the tongue
- motion parallax
- the apparent movement of stationary objects relative to one another that occurs when the observer changes postition
- binocular fusion
- the processes of combining the images received from the two eyes into a single fused image
- taste buds
- on the tongue, sense organs
- gate control theory
- the theory that we can lessen some pains by shifting our attention away from the pain impulses or by sending other signals to compete withe the pain signals
- retinal disparity
- the differences between the images stimulating each eye
- facial; glossopharynegeal; vargus
- three cranial nerves that carry the impulses created by the receptors to the brain
- perceptual inference
- same perceptions aren't based entirely on current sensory information, so we need to "fill in the gaps"
- interposition
- to introduce or interject (a comment for example) during discourse or conversations in order to intervene
- closure
- when we see a familiar pattern or shape with some missing parts, we fill in the gaps
- cones
- a light sensitive receptor cell or photoreceptor
- vestibular system
- three semicircular canals that provide the sense of balance, located in the inner ear and connected to the brain by a nerve
- subliminal messages
- brief auditory or visual messages that are presented below the absolute threshold
- gestalt
- the experience that comes from organizing bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes
- concentrations of skin receptors
- on hands, lips or feet
- semicircular canals
- prominent features of the vestibular system
- just noticeable difference
- (JND) the smallest amount of change that you can notice
- sensation
- what occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor
- nearsightedness
- light rays from each eye meet before they hit the retina
- cornea
- this cover that is in the front of the human eye
- anvil
- one of the three tiny bones in the ear. Also one of the main structures of the middle ear. (linked to cochlea & eardrum)
- extrasensory perception
- (ESP) an ability to gain information by some means other than the ordinary senses
- auditory nerve
- the nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the sensation of sound
- conduction deafness
- occurs when anything hinders physical motion through the outer or middle ear or when the bones of the middle ear become rigid and cannot carry sounds inward
- constancy
- the tendency to perceive certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance or lighting
- psychophysics
- the study of the relationships between sensory experiences and the physical stimuli that causes them
- sensory adaptiation
- the sense of adapting to an environment
- kinesthetic system
- one of two parts of sensory system, helps a person stay balanced and coordinate his/her movements
- cochlea
- makes up the inner ear. a bony tube that contains fluids and neurons
- difference threshold
- the smallest change in a physical stimulus that can be detected between two stimulus
- stroop effect
- your right brain tries to say the color but your left brain insists on reading the work
- farsightedness
- light rays from each eye hi the retina before they meet
- optic nerve
- the nerve that carries impulses from the retina to the brain
- amplitude
- height of a specific (sound or light) wave
- ear canal
- tube that sound enters into to reach the eardrum
- perception
- the organization of sensory information into meaningful experiences
- sensorineural deafness
- occurs from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells or the auditory neurons.
- afterimage
- after staring at an image fro a while, when you close your eyes or look away you see the negative image.
- relative motion
- When you are riding in a car, (for example), and look at distant mountains, the objects in a nearby field seem to be moving in the opposite direction to your movement, Yet, when you look at distant mountains, the objects in a nearby or land beyond the animal seem to be moving in the same direction that you are
- occipital lobe
- where visual signals are processed
- stirrup
- one of the three bones in the middle ear (also the name of something on a horse)
- similarity
- when similar and dissimilar objects are mingled, we see the similar objects as groups
- iris
- part of the eye, regulates the amount of light entering the eye
- bipolar cells
- send messages from rods and cones to the ganglion cells
- retina
- the innermost coating of the back of the eye, containing the light sensitive receptor cells
- color deficiency
- when a person can see some colors (not all)
- three layers of the skin
- epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
- absolute threshold
- the weakest amount of a stimulus that a person can detect half the time
- eardrum
- where sound waves vibrate to start the hearing processes and is located at the end of the ear canal
- frequency
- length of each wave (pitch)
- psychokinesis
- the purported ability to move or deform inanimate objects, as metal spoons, through mental processes.
- hammer
- one of the three bones in the middle ear (also the name of a tool)