photography class notes midterm KD
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- the total amount of light passing through the lens which then acts upon the film is referred to as _______
- exposure
- exposure is a product of ________ and ________
-
intensity of light
length of time that which said intensity acts on - intensity is controlled by
- aperture
- time is controlled by
- shutter speed
- the largest lens opening
- relative aperture
- relative aperture is measured by the proportion of:
- focal length to diameter of the lens
- the distance the light has to travel from lens to film plane
- focal length
- define the inverse square law
- The intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between light source and the surface it illuminates
- What is the f/stop scale?
- 1.4 2 2.8 4 5.6 8 11 16 22 32 45 64
- f/stops are always in a _____ proportion
- 1:2
- what is the shutter speed scale?
- B 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 1/1000 1/2000
- the (largest/smallest) number representing a shutter speed is the shortest length of time
- largest
- so, closing down the aperture (say f/8 to f/11) can be compensated by a higher or lower shutter speed?
- Lower--you need to double the length of time (1/125 is more time than 1/250)
- what determines the exposure value for a picture?
-
1) lighting
2) subject reflectance
3) film you are using - when a camera sets the film speed automatically it is
- DX coded
- the (higher/lower) the ISO number, the more sensitive to light the film is
- higher
- slower film requires (more/less) light
- MORE (double that of ISO 400)
- exposure is determined by (after ISO number is recorded):
- the amount of light reflected off objects
- A reading that measures all of the light falling on to the subject (rather than off of it) is:
- an incident reading
- A light meter in which you adjust both aperture and shutter speed until a correct exposure is indicated
- manual
- When you set an f/stop and the camera sets the shutter speed to go with it
- aperture preferred mode
- you set the shutter speed and the camera selects a corresponding f/stop
- shutter priority mode
- moving the appropriate scale off of the auto setting and alligning it with any other aperture or shutter speed you wish
- override
- meters that take the majority of the light reading from whatever is in the center of the viewfinder
- center weighted
- light meters that integrate many different readings from within the frame
- a multi zone light meter
- a camera feature in which the camera calibrates a compensation of light (example: calibrate -1, camera will subtract that number of stops)
- exposure compensation
- where the main subject is illuminated from behind or is against a much lighter background
- backlighting
- a switch that will lock in an aperture/shutter speed combination even if you re-compose the scene
- exposure lock switch
- an average of half light and half dark values
- middle gray OR 18 percent gray
- an object that can be placed in the scene to be photographed to base exposure off of
- gray card
- if your composition includes a large expanse of sky, the foreground is likely to be
- underexposed
- if the subject is in backlight
- add one or two more stops of exposure
- how do you include the detail of shadow areas in a photograph?
- meter the shadows and close down two stops
- for white skin:
- take a spot reading of a flesh tone and open up one stop
- for black skin:
- take a spot reading of skin tone and close down one stop
- olive skin:
- use the light meter reading as indicated
- the difference between the quantity of light being reflected by a shadow area and a highlight area is
- contrast range
- when metering a contrast range:
- take a spot meter reading of a shadow area and a highlight area and calculate a midway point
- what is the rule of thumb for a brightly illuminated scene?
- use f/16 as the aperture and the reciprocal of the film speed number for the SS
- the exposure meter selects a small f/stop for maximum sharpness through space, and then chooses whatever shutter speed goes with it
- close up mode
- this mode selects a large aperture to yield limited depth of field, and then selects whatever shutter speed goes with it
- portrait mode
- another mode that is similar to close up mode is
- landscape mode (selects a small aperture for max depth of field)
- this mode allows more precise control of how objects distributed through space will be in sharp focus or not
- depth of field mode
- this mode selects a fast shutter speed to freeze motion and then uses whatever aperture is needed
-
sports mode
or
action mode - why do telephoto lenses require a faster shutter speed?
- there could be a blur from camera movement because they are long and heavy
- exposing based on initial point of focus, even if scene is recomposed
- exposure lock
- if your exposure consists primarily of a lot of highlights, exposure lock on a
- dark part of the scene
- if your subject consists primarily of shadows, focus/exposure lock on
- a light part of the scene
- the minimum shutter speed recommended for hand holding the camera is
- 1/125 (generally)
- the faster an object is moving, the (fast/slower) shutter speed is required
- faster
- the closer the moving object is to the camera, the (fast/slower) the shutter speed required to freeze it
- faster
- an object moving perpendicularly to the camera requires a (higher/lower) shutter speed
- higher
- an object moving directly towards or away from the camera needs a (faster, slower)shutter speed
- slower
- wide angle lenses require relatively (slower, faster) shutter speeds
- slower
- a frozen subject and blurred background-the object will appear frozen but the motionless background will appear blurred
- panning
- long time exposures that are incorrect metered
- reciprocity failure
- for a 1-5 second exposure
- increase exposure by 1 stop
- for a 30 second exposure
- inrease exposure by 1.5 stops
- for a minute exposure
- increase exposure by two stops
- for a two minute exposure
- increase exposure by 3 stops
- to yield great depth of field
- decrease the aperture
- range of acceptable sharpness will vary by:
-
camera to subject distance
focal length of lens - the closer you are to a subject, the (less/more) depth of field you obtain
- less
- the shorter the focal length, the (greater, less) depth of field will be
- greater
- in most cases, depth of field extends about _________ as far behind the plane of focus as in front of it
- twice
- the ___________ button closes the lens down manually so you can look through the taking aperture to determine if depth of field is satisfactory
- preview
- the distance to the nearest plane of focus when the lens is focused at infinity
- hyperfocal distance
- the most important characteristic of a lens is its
- focal length
- the distance between the optical center of the lens and the film plane when focused at infinity is
- the focal length
- a normal lens will have a focal length of
-
45 to 55 nm
usually 50 - a wide angle lens will have a focal length from
- 7.5 mm (fisheye) to 35mm
- a long focus lens will have a focal length ranging from
- 75 to 1000\'s mm
- a lens where the focal length is continuously variable within a defined range
- zoom lens
- the longer the focal length, the greater the image is
- magnified
- a short lens must bend the light (more, less) sharply in order to have an image focused at the film plane
- more
- a longer lens requires (less,more) bending of light
- less
- a 100 mm lens will form an image (twice as big, half as big) of that of a 50mm lens
- twice as big
- the shorter the focal length of a lens, the greater its:
- angle of view
- the area in front of the camera which will be included in the picture:
- angle of view
- the shorter the focal length, the greater the:
- depth of field
- the relative size and apparent depth of objects as they appear in a two-dimensional range
- perspective
- with a ________ lens, space seems expanded and an object close to the camera will seem much larger than a distant one
- wide angle lens
- with a ________ lens, space seems compressed and a distant object appears about the same size as a near one
- long focus
- ______ lens have the same perspective as human vision
- normal
- the emulsion consists of
- light sensitive silver halides suspended in gelatin
- on the top of film emulsion there is a
- scratch resistant coating
- on the back of emulsion there is
- an anti halation coating
- anti halation coating:
- prevents light from reflecting back through the film and re-exposing (causing halos)
- the more light that strikes the film
- the denser the deposit of silver will be
- an image comprised of a long range of silver densities on the film
- continuous tone image
- at the _____ of the curve (increasing exposure by increasing density), very small increases in exposure still do not reach the threshold of effecting the emulsion and produce no change in density
- toe
- the ______ of the curve represents the maximum density of silver that can be deposited
- shoulder
- the shoulder is also the graphic representation of:
- reciprocity failure
- when the emulsion is sensitive to all colors, the film is
- panchromatic
- slows films have an ISO of
- 25-50
- medium speed films have ISO\'s between
- 100-200
- fast films range from
- ISO 400-800
- ultra fast films range from
- ISO 1600-6400
- Pushing the film yields:
-
smaller apertures
greater depth of film
faster shutter speeds - pushing film is accompanied by an
- increase in developing time
- the (fastest film, slowest film) produces the most detail
- slowest detail
- how do you measure precise detail?
-
resolving power
acutance - the films ability to distinguish between closely spaced parallel lines
- resolving power
- edge sharpness (the degree of tonal separation between light and dark areas)
- acutance
- the (faster, slowr) the film, the greater the contrast
- slower
- the intensity or purity of color
- saturation