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When doing work you exert ______ over __________: Force, Distance
In order to do work, the object must: Move
For work to be done, force exerted must bein the ________ as the objects _____: Same Direction, Motion
Work= ? * ?: Force, Distance
The SI Unit for work is the ____: NewtonMeter
A Newton-Meter is also called a _____: Joule
One joule is the amount of work you do when y ou exert a force of ________ to move an object a distance of ________: One Newton, One Meter
How does a machine make work easier?: The Machine makes the input force easier.
If only the direction of force changes the input force and output force are _____. The mechanical advantage is ______.: Equal, 100
The efficiency of a machine compares _____ Work to _____ Work: Output, Input
Efficiency is expressed as a: Percent
List the six simple machines and give an example of each.: Wedge- Doorstop
Screw- Jelly Lid
Pulley- Flagpole
Wheel and Axel- Car Wheel
Lever- SeeSaw
Inclined Plane- Ramp
The fixed point on a lever is called a ______.: Fulcrum
Define Lever: A simple machine consisting of a rigid object that pivots about a fixed point.
Define Pulley.: A simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel around which it is wrapped in a rope, such as cable.
What is the difference between movable and fixed pulleys?: Fixed: Is a pulley used to keep structures in tack.
Movable: If you wish to move a pulley.
What is a compound machine? Give an example of one.: A machine with two or more simple machines.
Most machines in our body are: Levers
What is Energy?: The ability to do work or cause change.
What is work?: Transfer of energy.
What is the un it for work?: Joules or a Newton-Meter
List three examples of kinetic energy: Swinging a bat, funning, mowing the lawn.
What does kinetic energy depend on?: MAss and Velocity
Describe two ways to increase Kinetic Energy.: Double the mass, or double the velocity.
What is the equation for KE?: KE= Mass * Velocity Squared
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What is Potential Energy>: Energy that is stored and held in rediness.
List and give examples of the 6 types of energy.: Mechanical- School Bus
Thermal- Blow Dryer
Chemical- Chocolate
Electrical- Shock, Lightning
Electromagnetic- Light from sun
Nuclear- Nuclear Energy
What is an Energy conversion?: Energy that is converted into another energy.
State the law of conservation of energy.: Energy that is neither converted and is not lost.
What is a fossil fuel? How is it formed?: Created by the sun and it's light.
What is power?: The rate at which work is done.
What is the equation for power?: Power= Work
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Distance
What is the unit for power?: Watts
Define: Temperature: Energy gained or lost
How do you change temperatures on the Kelvin scale for Celsius degrees?: Divide Numbers
Define: Thermal Energy: Particles that are heated and have energy.
The _____ particles a substance has at a given temperature, the more _____ energy it has.: More, Thermal
Define: Heat: Movement of thermal energy.
Heat is transferred by _____, _____, ____.: Radiation, conduction, convection.
Describe conduction, convection, radiation.: Conduction- Heat is on the bottom pushing up onto a pan to make it hot.
Convection- Heat transfered in currents within a fluid.
Radiation- Electromagnetic Waves
Heat flows from the _____ object to the ____ one: Warm, Cool
A material that does not conduct heat well is a/an _______.: Insulator
List the 3 states of matter on earth.: Solid, liquid, gas
What happens to temperature during a phase change?: Goes into a different state of matter.
What happenes to heat (Thermal Energy) during a phase change.: Energy is transferred
As the thermal energy of a substance ____, its particles spread out and the substance expands.: Increases
What is a wave?: A disturbance that transfers energy from one place to place.
Wave cause the particles of a medium to do what?: Makes it travel move throughout.
How are waves classified.: By Surface, longitudinal, and Transverse
What is the highest and lowest part of a wave called?: Crest, Trough
How do the particles of transverse waves move? Of longitudinal waves?: Transverse- Waves move through medium at a right angle two the direction of the wave.
Longitudinal- Wave and medium move in parallel direction.
What is amplitude?: The maximum distance the particles of the medium carrying the wave.
How can you measure the wavelength of a wave?: Measure the distance between 2 coorosponding pairs of a wave.
What is the unit for frequency?: Hertz
Name 3 factors that affect the speed of a wave in a medium.: Temperature, elasticity, Density
When does a wave experience reflection? Give an example: When the wave hits a boundary and bounces back.
An Echo
In both diffraction and refraction waves bend, explain how they are different.: Diffraction is the bending of waves around the edge of a barrier. Refraction is the bending of waves due to a new medium.
What is wave interference ? Explain how the amplitude changes with destructive and constructive interference.: The interaction between two waves at the same place at the same time. Amplitude Increases with constructive interference. Amplitude decreases with destructive interference.
What is a standing wave and when does it occur?: A standing wave occurs when an incoming wave combines with a regular wave and appears to be standing still.
How can you make an object resonate?: When a vibration is applied that matches the natural frequency.
Sound is a _________ that travels through a _________ as a _________ wave: Disturbance, Medium, Longitudinal
What three mediums do sounds travel through?: Solid, Liquid, Gas
Sound can only travel if... Sound will not travel in __________: Has a medium to travel in through outer space
Three properties that effect the speed of sound are ______,______,and ________: Elasticity, Density, and Temperature of a medium
Define elasticity. The more elastic a medium is sound will travel _________.: Ability of a material to bounce back after disturbance quickly.
The ________ of a sound depends upon how much energy the wave carries a second in a given area.: Intensity
Loudness or sound level is measured in ________. Each 10 dB increase in sound level represents a ________ increase in intensity.: Decibal, Tenfold
Define ultrasound and infrasound: UltraSound- Above Normal, Infra- Below Normal
Define pitch. Pitch depends upon ________.: How high or low a sound is, frequency.
Define Doppler Effect: Change in frequency of a wave in motion.
As a sound apporoaches the listener, the pitch is _______ due to a ________ frequency.: Higher, High
Music is a set of tones combined in ways that are....: Pleasing to the ear
Interference occurs when _______ or __________ sound waves _______: Two or More, Interact
How are acoustics used to design concert halls?: Sound waves reach his listeners from different directions. Most design a hall so interference is not destructive.
Sound enters through the _____ _______ and then vibrates the _______, a tightly stretched membrane.: Ear Canal, Eardrum
From here, sound enters the middle ear through three small bones (in order, outer to inner): Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
Liquid cavity of the inner ear is called the _______.: Cochlea
Describe how the cochlea transmits sound to the brain.: Tiny hairs send messages to the brain.
How is a EM wave different from a mechanical wave?: No medium is needed
What is polarized light?: Light that has been passed through a filter to produce waves moving in one direction.
What is a photon?: A packet of light energy
How are all electromagnetic waves the same? How are they different.: Travel at the same speed but with different wavelengths and frequencies.
List the 6 types of EM waves in order of increasing frwquency. Give an example of each.: Radio (Radar gun), Infared (Heat lamp),
Visible (Rainbow), Ultraviolet (Sun Rays) X-Rays (x-rays), Gamma (Cancer Treatment)
How does an incandescent light work?: Electricity runs thru filament and heats it up.
What does AM stand for?: Amplitude Modulation
What reamains constant in an AM station.: Frequency
What does FM stand for?: Frequency Modulation
What changes in FM radio stations?: Frequency
What type of waves do cell phones use?: They use microwaves/radio
What is the global positioning system (GPS) used for?: To tell you where you are, to give you directions.
When light strikes an object, the light can be ____, ____, and ____: Reflected, absorbed, transmitted
Define: Opaque: A material that reflects or absorbs all the light that strikes it.
Compare transparent and translucent materials: A transparent material transmitts light. Translucent Materal allow some light to get through.
When does regular relection occur?: When parallal rays of light hit a smooth surface.
When does diffuse reflection occur?: When parallel rays of light hit a bumpy, or uneven surface (Spread out)
A concave mirror curves: Inward
Since the rays do not actually meet, images fromed by convex mirrors are always _______.: Virtual
When light rays enter a new medium at an angle, the change in speed causes them to _____, or change ______.: Bend, Direction
Define. Lens.: A curved peice of glass or other transparent material that is used to refract light.
A _____ lens is thinner in the center than at the edges.: Concave
What happens to parallel light that enters a concave lens?: Light converges (comes together)
The primary colors of light are ____, ___, and ____.: Red, Blue, Green (RGB)
Define. Pigments: Substances that are usedto color other materials
Describe the cornea: The transperent front surface that protects the eye and also acs as a lens.
The ____ is a ring of muscle that contracts and expands to change the amount of light that enters the eye. The ____ gives the eyes its color. Iris changes size, not pupil: Iris, Iris
The ___ is the part of the eye that looks black. It is actually a hole.: Pupil
Define: Retina: The layer of cells lining the inside of a eyeball.
The signals generated by the rods and cones travel to your brain along a short, thick nerve called the _____ _____: Optic Nerve
In some people the eyeball is slight too ___ or ___.: Long, Short
A ___ person can see nearby things clearly, but object at a distance can appear blurry: Nearsighted
What kind of eyeglasses woulda nearsighted person wear.: Ones with concave lenses causes parallel light to diverge
What does laser stand for?: Light amplication by stimulatied emission of radiation.
Name two occupations that use lasers: Surveyors and Engineers
What is the speed of light?: 300,000,000 m/sec
Define. Magnetism: it is the attraction of a magnet for another magnetised object.
Unlike poles _____ while, like poles _______.: Attract
Repel
What happens when a magnet is broken into two peices?: It makes two magnets, both with a North and a South Pole.
What is the magnetic field?: It is the region of force surronding the magnet.
What makes a material magnetic?: The spin of an electron.
What is the differenct between a temporary magnet and a permanent magnet.: Temporary- Keeps it magnetism for a short while
Permanent- Keeps it magnetism forever.
Name 3 ways a magnet can lose its magnetism.: Drop it, Strike it hard, or heat it
what is magnetic declination?: It is the angle between the geographic North and the magnetic South poles.
What is the unit for current: Amper or Amp
The charged paticles of the atom are the _____ and _____: Protons, Electrons
The charge on a proton is: Positive
Opposite charges when placed close to one another will _______, while like charges will _______.: Attract, Repel
Buildup of electric charge called-: Static
How does static cling occur? What are two ways static cling can be helpful?: Friction
Plastic Wrap
Define static discharge. How does a humid day alter static?: Loss static, moisture absorbs charges
Define potential energy.: Energy of position
Examples of voltage sources include:: Batteries, Generators
The greater the resistance the _____ current for given voltage: Less
State Ohms law: Current= Voltage
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Resistance
Series circuts have only ____ path. Draw one source, two loads in series, lights on.: One
What happens when one of the bulbs burn out? What happens to the circut as more light are added? Why?: Burns out, the lights get much dimmer.

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