CSCI terms
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- computer network
- a group of computers linked by wired or wireless technology to share data and resources.
- The Web
- a collection of linked documents, graphics, and sounds that can be accessed over the Internet. Which means that the Web or Internet is just one very large network.
- Cyberspace
- a term that is used to refer to entities that exist largely within computer networks.
- Digitization
- the process of converting text, numbers, sound, photos, and video into data that can be processed by digital devices.
- Technological convergence
- a process by which several technologies with distinct functionalities evolve to form a single product.
- digital divide
- gap between people who have access to technology and those who do not
- computer
- multipurpose device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions.
- input
- whatever is typed, submitted, or transmitted to a computer system
- Output
- result produced by a computer
- processing
- manipulation of data
- Memory
- is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed, stored, or output
- Storage
- is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing (hard drive, cd, thumbdrive).
- file
- a named collection of data that exists on a storage medium.
- computer program or software
- The series of instructions that tells a computer how to carry out processing tasks
- Application software
- is a set of computer programs that helps a person carry out a task.
- system software
- help the computer system monitor itself in order to function efficiently
- personal computer
- a microprocessor- based computing device designed to meet the computing needs of an individual
- workstation
- An ordinary personal computer that is connected to a network, or A powerful desktop computer used for highperformance tasks. Chapter
- Data representation
- refers to the form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted.
- Analog devices
- work with continuous data
- Digitizing
- the process of converting analog data into digital format
- (K)ilo
- thousand
- (M)ega
- million
- (G)iga
- Billion
- integrated circuit
- (computer chip) is a superthin slice of semi-conducting material packed with microscopic circuit elements
- machine language
- The list of codes for a microprocessor’s instruction set
- op code
- (operation code) command word for an operation
- operand
- for an instruction it specifies the data (or the address of the data) for the operation
- ALU
- (Arithmetic Logic Unit) - the part of the microprocessor that performs arithmetic operations.
- registers
- The ALU uses registers to hold data that is being processed
- control unit
- Part of the microprocessor that fetches each instruction
- instruction cycle
- the process in which a computer executes a single instruction.
- authentication protocol
- any method that confirms a person’s identity using something the person knows, something the person possesses, or something the person is
- microprocessor
- an integrated circuit that is designed to process instructions
- Front side bus(FSB)
- circuitry that transports data to and from the microprocessor
- Microprocessor clock
- sets the pace for executing instructions
- cycle
- the smallest unit of time in a microprocessor
- Cache
- high speed memory that allows the microprocessor to access data more rapidly
- Serial processing
- an instruction cannot be executed until the previous one has finished.
- pipelining
- a processor can start to execute an instruction before the previous one is finished
- parallel processing
- more than one instruction is executed at the same time
- dual core processor
- chip that contains two microprocessors
- hyper-threading technology (HTT)
- processor can allow a single processor to simulate two processors
- Overclocking
- a technique used to increase the speed of a processor
- RAM
- (Random Access Memory)a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system
- ROM
- (Read-only memory)a type of memory circuitry that holds the computer’s startup routine
- storage medium
- contains data (paper, DVD, CD, etc.)
- storage device
- records and retrieves data from a storage medium (Hard disk drives, CD drives and flash drives)
- Access time
- average time it takes a computer to locate data on the storage media and read it
- Data transfer rate
- the amount of data that can be moved per second from the storage medium to the computer
- Storage capacity
- the maximum amount of data that can be stored on a particular medium
- storage density
- the amount of data that can be stored in a particular area of the medium
- optical storage
- stores data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disk surface (CDs & DvDs)
- Basic Input Devices
- Keyboard, Mouse, touch screen, etc.
- CRT (cathode ray tube)
- uses a bulky glass tube, like a standard television. Beams of electrons are sprayed toward the screen and activate individual dots of color that then form an image
- LCD (liquid crystal display)
- manipulates light within a layer of liquid crystal cells. This technology is compact, lightweight and gives an easy to read display
- Dot pitch
- measures the image clarity, a smaller dp means a crisper image. (Dot pitch is actually the distance between pixels with the same color.)
- Viewing angle width
- how far off to the side you can still see the image.
- Refresh rate
- the speed the screen is repainted, when it is faster there is less flicker
- Color depth
- the number of colors a monitor can display
- Resolution
- the number of horizontal and vertical pixels that a screen can display
- expansion slot
- a socket on the system board into which you can plug and expansion card
- Expansion cards
- small circuit boards that give the computer additional capabilities but are built for only one type of expansion slot
- Computer software
- the tool that gets anything done on a computer
- computer program
- made up of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out some task. These programs form the software that allows a computer to do specific tasks
- productivity software
- application software that can help people do their jobs more efficiently.(word processors, spreadsheets)
- Utility software
- kind of system software that is made to help monitor and configure many of the parts of your system, including the equipment, system software and application software
- Device drivers
- software that helps a peripheral device communicate with the computer
- operating system
- system software that controls all the activity in a computer system
- Single-user
- Type of operating system. Handhelds are single-user
- Multi-user
- this OS allows a single computer (frequently a mainframe) to deal with input,output and processing requests from many users at the same time
- Network (server)
- provides communications and routing services to allow multiple computers to share data, software and peripheral devices.
- memory leak
- instructions or data from one programs' region end up in another programs' region
- Multithreading
- allows for multiple parts or threads to run at the same time
- Multiprocessing
- divides the work between all the processors
- buffers
- what the operating system uses to hold the data until the computer is ready for it
- user interface
- combination of hardware and software that helps people and computers communicate with each other
- command line interface
- you had to type memorized commands at a command prompt in order to run programs
- GUI (graphical user interface)
- allow you to use a mouse to click or double click on a menu option or icon to run programs
- BIOS (basic input output system)
- set of routines stored in readonly memory that enable a computer to start the operating system and to communicate with the various devices in the system, such as disk drives, keyboard, monitor, printer
- UNIX
- developed in the late 1960's at Bell Labs
- Linux
- In 1991 Linus Torvalds developed it.
- DOS (Disk Operating System)
- first operating system that many (older:) people used. It had a command line interface and simple menus that were controlled by the arrow keys
- PAN – personal area network
- interconnection of personal digital devices withing a range of about 30 feet and without using wires
- NAN – neighborhood area network
- type of connection is within a limited range and usually spread over several buildings, like what is found in coffee shops and book stores
- LAN – local area network
- a connection between personal computers within a limited geographical area, most often a single building
- MAN – metropolitan area network
- public high-speed networks capable of voice and data transmission within a range of about 50 miles
- WAN – wide area network
- covers a large geographical area and usually have several smaller networks within it that might use different types of computer platforms and technologies. The Internet is the world's largest WAN
- network interface card
- networking circuitry needed to connect to a network
- networked peripheral
- any device that contains the network circuitry that allows it to connect directly to a network. Printers, scanners, and storage devices are examples
- network device
- any electronic device that broadcasts network data, boosts signals, or routes data
- network server
- a computer that provides services to other computers.
- client
- one of the other computers on the network
- application server
- runs application software for network workstations
- file server
- stores files and supplies them to workstations
- print server
- handles the jobs that are sent to network printers
- Physical topology
- arrangement of the the devices in a network
- Star Topology
- o o \ / o----X---o / \ o \ o
- communications channel
- a physical path or a frequency for signal transmissions
- Bandwidth
- the transmission capacity of a communications channel
- broadband
- high bandwidth sytem
- protocol
- a set of rules for interacting and negotiating
- communications protocol
- a set of rules for efficiently transmitting data from one network node to another
- packet
- a parcel of data that is sent across a computer network
- circuit switching
- makes a dedicated, private link between two phones for the length of the call
- Packet switching
- dividing a message into a number of packets which can be sent individually to their destination is more efficient use of the circuit
- header
- contains instructions about the data carried by the packet
- payload
- Also called the body or data of a packet. This is the actual data that the packet is delivering to the destination
- trailer
- or footer, typically contains a couple of bits that tell the receiving device that it has reached the end of the packet
- MAC (media access control)
- a unique number assigned to a network interface card when it is made
- IP (internet protocol)
- a series of numbers used to identify a network device
- network hub
- a device that links two or more nodes of a wired network
- network switch
- a more sophisticated device that sends data only to the devices specified as the destination
- network router
- a device that can send data from one network to another
- Internet backbone
- a network of high-capacity communications links that provide the main routes for data traffic
- TCP-Transmission Control Protocol
- Creates connections and exchanges packets of data
- IP-Internet Protocol
- Provides devices with unique addresses
- UDP-User Datagram Protocol
- An alternative data transport to TCP used for DNS, Voice or IP and file sharing
- HTTP-Hypertext Transfer Protocol
- Exchanges information over the Web
- FTP-File Transfer Protocol
- Transfers files between local and remote host computers
- POP-Post Office Protocol
- Transfers mail from an e-mail server to a client in box
- SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
- Transfers e-mail messages from client computers to an email server
- VoIP-Voice over Internet Protocol
- Transmits voice conversations over the Internet
- IRC-Internet Relay Chat
- Transmits text messages in real time between on-line users
- BitTorrent
- Distributes files using scattered clients rather than a server
- static/dynamic IP Adresses
- computers that act as servers have static addresses while most others have dynamic addresses
- URL
- Uniform resource locater
- port
- allows a computer to perform more than one type of service
- Latency
- the elapsed time it takes data to make a round trip from point A to point B and back to point A
- HTML Comment Tag
- Aligning HTML to center
-
Title of my page
- Inserting graphic with html
-
- information system
- collects, stores, and processes data to provide useful, accurate, and timely information within the context of some organization
- _____plan long-range goals, this is called________
- Executive Managers, Strategic Planning
- ______figure out how to achieve long-range goals by setting incremental goals. These are goals for a year or less and is called____________
- mid-level managers, tactical planning
- ______are responsible for the day-to-day activities including scheduling employees, ordering supplies and anything else necessary to make the job run smoothly. This is called______
- Low-level managers, operational planning
- structured problem
- an ordinary, routine problem
- semi-structured problem
- less routine
- unstructured problem
- needs human intuition as the basis for coming up with a solution
- Batch processing
- the data was collected and held until the end of the day or pay period and then the entire batch was processed
- Online processing
- each transaction is processed as it is entered
- Scheduled reports
- monthly summaries have a fixed formant and are produced according to a preset timetable or schedule
- Ad hoc reports
- customized to supply specific information that isn't usually in the scheduled reports
- summary report
- A summary report might show total sales data for a quarter or a year or the past five years
- exception report
- contains information that is outside normal or acceptable ranges
- decision support system (DSS)
- helps people make decisions by directly manipulating the data, analyzing data from external sources, generating statistical projections, and creating data models of a variety of scenarios
- executive information system (EIS)
- made to provide senior managers with information relevant to strategic management activities like setting policies, planning, and preparing budgets
- decision model
- a numerical representation of a realistic situation like cash-flow
- neural network
- uses computer circuitry to simulate the way a brain might process information and learn.
- Waterfall system
- Planning phase Analysis phase Design phase Implementation phase Maintenance phase
- P.I.E.C.E.S
- Performance Information Economics Control Efficiency Service