Child Development Test 2
Terms
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copy deck
- Application of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions
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Overregulation
( I runned faster than you) - An early vocabulary error in which a word is applied too narrowly, to a smaller number of objects and events than is appropriate.
- Underextension
- An early vo abulary error in which a word is applied too broadly - that is, to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate.
- Overextension
- The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect other important features.
- Centration
- The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intenetions.
- Animistic thinking
- The inability to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own.
- Egocentrism
- The understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.
- Conservation
- The understanding that objects continue to exist when they are out of sight.
- Object permanence
- Viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol
- Dual representation
- Self-directed speech that children use to plan and guide their own behavior.
- Private speech
- Thinking about thought; awareness of mental activities
- Metacognition
- A change of quality of social support over the course of a teaching session, in which the adult adjusts the assistance provided to fit the child's current level of performance. As competence increases, the adult gradually and sensitively withdraws suppor
- Scaffolding
- The ability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.
- Reversability
- The inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.
- Irreversibility
- A concept that calls attention to adult and child contributions to a cooperative dialogue without specifying the precise features of communication, thereby allowing for variations across situations and cultures.
- Guided participation
- Young children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences
- Emergent literacy
- The ability to think about a language as a system
- Metalinguistic awareness
- The practical, social side of language that is concerned with how to engage in effective and appropriate communication with others
- Pragmatics
- In Piget's theory, a specific structure, or organized way of making sense of experience, that changes with age
- Scheme
- In Piaget's theory, a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat a chance event caused by their own motor activity
- Circular reaction
- In Piaget's theory, the internal rearrangement and linking together of schemes so that they form a strongly interconnected cognitive system. In information processing, the memory strategy of grouping related items.
- Organization
- That part of adaptation in which new schemes are created and old ones adjusted to produce a better fit with the enviornment.
- Accomodation
- In Piaget's theory, the process of building schemes through direct interaction with the environment. Made up of two complimentatry processes: assimilation and accomidation
- Adaptation
- In information processing, the part of the mental system that contains our permanent knowledge base.
- Long-term memory
- An approach that regards directly observable events - stimuli and responses - as the appropriate focus of study and views the development of behavior as taking place through classical and operant conditioning
- Behaviroism
- A form of peer interaction involving friendly chasing, and play fighting that, in our evolutionary past, may have been important for the development of fighting skill.
- Rough-and-tumble play
- That part of adaptation in which the external world is interpreted in terms of current schemes.
- Assimilation
- A stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises.
- Dominance hierarchy
- Spans the first 2 years of life. Infants and toddlers think with their eyes, hands, & ears. Cannot yet carry out many activities inside their heads yet
- Sensorimotor stage
- Word meanings that help children figure out grammatical rules
- Semantics
- The most common treatment for ADHD
- Stimulant medication
- What is the best way to describe death to a child?
- Open, honest, and respectful communication about death contributes to sognitive development as well as emotional well-being.
- What are the 3 stages of death understanding/
- Permanence, universality, nonfunctionality
- Once a living thing dies, it cannot be brought back to life
- Permanence
- All living things eventually die
- Universality
- All living functions including thought, feeling, movement, and body processes, cease at death.
- Nonfunctionality
- Provides children w/a year or 2 of preschool along with nutritional and health services. Parental involvement is central to the philosophy
- Head Start/ 15,000 centers, 900,000 kids
- Teachers provide activities from which children select, and most of the day is devoted to play
- Child centered pre-school
- Teachers structure children's learning, teaching letters, numbers, colors, learning, and other academic skills through formal lessons, often using repitition and drills
- Academic centered preschool
- Name the 3 types of preschool
- Open, academic and child cenetered
- In Piagetian classroom, children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the enviornment. Teachers provide activities designed to promote exploration amd discovery
- Discovery learning
- A set of capacitites for dealing with people and understanding oneself
- Emotional intelligence
- The fact that few of us can retrieve the events that happened to us before age 3.
- Infantile Amnesia
- Inadequate discomfort
- Disequilibrium
- Implies a steady, comfortable condition
- Equilibrium
- What are the 3 parts of the information processing system?
- A working, or short term memory, Long term memory, and a sensory register.
- Where we actively "work" on a limited amount of information, applying mental strategies
- Working, or short-term memory
- Our permanent knowledge base
- Long-term memory
- Sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly
- Sensory register
- Bad nutrition / marasmus and kwashioker are caused by it
- Malnutrition
- Male sex hormones- occur in boys and girls, affects the brain organization and behavior
- Androgens
- The most common vision problem in middle childhood
- Myopia (nearsightedness)
- The best treatment for childhood obesity
- A family based intervention, focusing on changing behaviors
- Most frequent cause of middle childhood abseceses
- illness
- Pliable and elastic
- Flexibility
- Improves running
- Balance
- Quicker, more accurate movements
- Agility
- Throwing and kicking harder
- Force
- Children may adopt teacher's positive or negative views
- Self-fufilling prophacy
- Name the accomplishments of Piaget's Concrete operations stage
- Conservation, classifacation, seration, and spatial reasoning
- Provides clear evidence of operations
- Conservation
- Ages 7-10 are mroe aware of relations between a general catagory and 2 specific catagories at the same time.
- Classifacations
- The ability to order items along a quantitative dimension (ex: legnth and weight)
- Seration
- Directions/maps
- Spatial reasoning
- Enhances a child's understanding that one object can stand for another
- Symbolic representation
- Interference observed when memory for earlier-observed materials is disrupted by later-learned materials.
- Retroactive inference
- All babies have a LAD, whcih help them acquire language during their sensitive period
- language acquisition
- a United States federal law, meant to ensure "a free appropriate public education" for students with disabilities, designed to their individualized needs in the Least Restrictive Environment. The act requires that public schools provide necessa
- Individuals with disabilities education act
- Definies intelligence in terms of distinct sets of processing operations that permit individuals to engage in a wide range of culturally valued activities. Dismissing the idea of general intellegence,at least 8 independent intellegences were proposed.
- Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences (helps to nurture special talents)
- Name the 8 mulitple intelligences
- Linguistic, logico-mathmatical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal
- What are the 3 landmarks of Piaget's sensorimotor period?
- Repeating chance behaviors, intentional behavior, and mental representation
- Recent research on Piaget's infant cog. dev.
- Violation-of-expectation method, object permanence, searching for multiple hidden objects, and deferred imitation and problem solving.
- Name the 4 stages of Piaget's cognitive dev. theory
- Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
- The values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group os transmitted to the next generation. Social interaction and cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable memebers of society is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behav
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
- Growth during middle childhood
- 2 to 3 inches in height, 5 pounds of weight ea.year