Semester Two

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The electrons in photosystem II are replaced by what?: Water
What is the enzyme that speeds up the initial reaction in the Calvin Cycle?: Rubisco
How many molecules of ATP are produced during glycosis for each glucose molecule?: 2
Chlorophyll absorbs what kind of light?: Red and blue
What are the three steps of cellular respiration?: 1)Glycolysis
2)Krebs Cycle
3)Electron Transport Chain
In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place?: Cytoplasm
How many molecules of ATP are produced during the electron transport chain process for each molecule of glucose?: 32
The electrons from photosystem I are replaced by what?: Electrons from photosystem II
What is the formula for photosynthesis?: 6CO2 + 6H2O (yields to with light) C6H12O6 + 6O2

aka

carbon dioxide and water, with light, yield to glucose and oxygen
What is the formula for cellular respiration?: 6O2 + C6H12O6 (yields to) 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy

aka

oxygen and glucose yield to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy
What does ATP stand for?: Adenosine triphosphate
What are the biproducts of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?: Photosynthesisâ€”oxygen
Cellular respirationâ€”glucose
What is produced in the dark reactions of photosynthesis?: PGAL
Energy production in the absence of oxygen is known as what?: Fermentation
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?: Mitochondrial matrix
What are the two types of fermentation?: 1)lactic acid
2)alcoholic
Which type of fermentation produces carbon dioxide?: Alcoholic fermentation
What color is reflected by chlorophyll?: Green
What is the enzyme through which hydrogen ions diffuse in electron transport?: ATP Synthase
What are the four processes of light reactions?: 1)light absorbtion
2)electron transport
3)oxygen production
4)ATP formation
On what chapter where the preceding questions?: 6
DNA is what kind of monomer of the four basic macromolecules?: Nucleic Acid
What is the process of changing one strain of bacteria to another called?: Transformation
What makes up a nucleotide of DNA?: Phosphate, deoxyribose, and thymine
The coded information in DNA determines the formation of what?: Polypeptides (Proteins)
What is the organelle ot which mRNA attaches?: Ribosomes
What is the shape of a DNA molecule?: Double helix
What is the process by which a strand of DNA is turned into an mRNA strand called?: Transcription
What is the bond between the based pairs of DNA called?: Hydrogen bonds
What is the process by which the mRNA is made into a polypeptide chain called?: Translation
What is the start codon?: AUG
If the code for an amino acid is ATG on the DNA molecule, the anticodon on the tRNA molecule is what?: AUG
During replication of DNA, bonds are broken between what?: Nitrogenous bases
What is the mRNA sequence that would be transcribed from the following strand of DNA? T-A-C-A-A-G-T-G-C-T-T-G-T-T-T-C: A-U-G-U-U-C-A-C-G-U-U-C-A-A-A-G
A cell has 36 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?: 36
What is the structure that is found in plant cell division that is not found in animal cell division?: Cell Plate
What is uncontrolled cell division known as?: Cancer
What is each half of a chromosome called?: Chromatid
What are the proteins around which the DNA double helix is wrapped around called?: Histones
What is the area at which two sister chromatids are joined called?: Centromere
Together DNA and proteins form bead-like structures called what?: Nucleosomes
Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular train are said to be what?: Homozygous
Mendel's 'P' generation was composed of what?: Purebreds
The phenotypic ratio in offspring resulting from the cross Tt x Tt is what?: 3:1
What was the phenotypic ratio om the F2 generation of Mendel's dihybrid cross?: 9:3:3:1
What are heterozygous organisms?: Organisms that have two different alleles for a single trait.
What is the probability that a coin comes up tails five consecutive flips?: 1/32
What are genotypes and phenotypes?: Genotype-organism's genetic makeup
Phenotype-organism's physical appearance
What are the genotypic and phenotipic ratios in a cross between two heterozygous organisms?: Genotypic-1:2:1
Phenotypic-3:1
A cell with a diploid number of 72 creates gametes with a haploid number of _____: 36
What is a pair of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I called?: Tetrad
What is the condition in which both alleles for a gene are expressed called?: Codominance
What are inheritable mutations called?: Germ mutations
A mutation that involves the loss of a part of a chromosome is called what?: Deletion
What is a translocation?: A mutation in which part of a chromosome breaks off and attached so another nonhomologous chromosome
When does crossing over occur?: During meiosis I
What is crossing over?: The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
How many chromosomes are in a haploid, diploid, and gamete human cell?: Haploid-23
Diploid-46
Gamete-23
What is polygenic inheritance?: A condition in which multiple genes code for a single trait
What is a frameshift mutation?: A mutation in which a single nucleotide is removed or added
Sister chromatids separate during which phase of meiosis?: Meiosis II
Traits and behaviors that allow and organism to survive and reproduce increase an organism's _____: Fitness
What is a change in species over time called?: Evolution
A bat's wing and a dolphin's fin are examples of what?: Homologous structures
Fitness arises through a process called what?: Adaptation
What is the term for dating fossils based on their position in different rock layers?: Relative Dating
The geologist that was a major influence on Darwin's work was who?: Lyell
What does HMS stand for?: Her Majesty's Service
What is the group of genes that determines the position of body organs in vertebrates called?: Hox Cluster
How old is the Earth? (Approx.): 4.5 Billion years
What is common descent?: Darwin's idea that all living things share a common ancestor
What does Uranium-238 decay into?: Lead-206
What does Carbon-14 decay into?: Nitrogen-14
What is a species?: A group of similar looking organisms that breed with ine another and produce fertile offspring
The evolution of Darwin's finches is an example of what?: Adaptive radiation
Divergent evolution is also known as what?: Adaptive radiation
Is genetic drift random?: Yesh
Evolution does not occur unless something upsets a population's what?: Genetic equilibrium
Natural selection is also known as what?: Survival and reproduction of the fittest
Analogous structures evolve as a result of what?: Convergent evolution
What is a gene pool?: The collection of all the genes in a population
The process by which a new species evolves is called what?: Speciation
From what does reproductive isolation result?: 1)Geographic barriers
2)Differences in courtship behaviors
3)Differences in fertile periods
What is relative frequency?: The number of times an allele of a gene occurs in a gene pool as compared with different alleles of the same gene
Genetic drift is most effective on what kind of population?: Small
A bat's wing and a butteerfly's wing are examples of what?: Analogous structures
A change in allele frequencies over time is called what?: Evolution
What is a fairly stable collection of organisms occupyig and ecosystem called?: Climax community
What are the initial inhabitants of a new ecosystem called?: Pioneer species
The group that occupies the top of the energy pyramid is what group?: Consumers
Feeding relationships in an ecosystem are best described by what?: Food webs
Plants and photosynthetic bacteria would be considered what?: Producers
What are all the land biomes? Water biomes?: Land:
1)Tundra
2)Taiga
3)Temperate deciduous forest
4)Grassland
5)Tropical rain forest
6)Desert
Water:
1)Freshwater
2)Marine
3)Estuaries
What are the four regions of hte marine biome?: 1)Neritic
2)Deep Sea
3)Open sea
4)Intertidal
Are you going to pass this exam with flying colors?: YESSSSSSSS!!!!!!!!

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