Chapter 9 & 10
Terms
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- autotrophs
- "Self-feeder" that sustain themselves without anything derived from other organisms. They produce their own organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw material form the environment.
- bundle-sheath cell
- Arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf.
- photorespiration
- The process that reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants during hot spells in summer; consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide through the degradation of Calvin cycle intermediates.
- noncyclic electron flow
- A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The net electron flow is from water to NADP+.
- Absorption
- A graph plotting pigment's light absorption versus wavelength is called
- rubisco
- The common name of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of carbon dioxide with ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle.
- chlorophyll a
- Has an absorption spectrum of violet-blue and red light
- electromagnetic spectrum
- This entire range of radiation.
- Visible light
- The segment most important to life is the narrow band from about 380 nm to 750 nm in wavelength. Detected as various colors by the human eye.
- spectrophotometer
- The ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light can be measured with an instrument called
- CAM plant
- A type of plant that uses a process called crassulacean acid metabolism to fix carbon dioxide and produce sugars. CO2 is taken into plant leaves at night and stored as organic acids. During the day these acids release CO2 to be used in Calvin cycle. Desert plants use this.
- grana
- stack of thylakoids
- proton-motive force
- the H+ gradient that results while emphasizing the capacity of the gradient to perform work.
- chlorophyll
- The green pigment which is located in the chloroplast.
- Reduction
- Addition of electrons to another substance
- photosystem
- Composed of a reaction center surrounded by a number of light-harvesting complexes.
- Fermentation
- Partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen.
- Redox reactions
- Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another
- wavelength
- The distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves.
- NAD+
- A coenzyme that functions as a oxidizing agent during respiration
- mesophyll
- Specialized ground tissue in leaves, majority of photosynthesis occurs here.
- Oxidation
- The loss of electrons from one substance
- heterotrophs
- Cannot make their own food, obtain energy by consuming other organisms. "biosphere's consumers"
- photophosphorylation
- Process where light reactions generate ATP using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP.
- PEP carboxylase
- enzyme that aides in carrying out the C4 pathway within the mesophyll cells; it has no affinity for O2
- Light-harvesting complex
- Consists of pigment molecules which may include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, bound to particular proteins.
- carotenoid
- a light- absorbing compound that functions as an accesory pigment in photosynthesis
- stomata
- microscopic spore; also a way where carbon dioxide enters the leaf and oxygen exits it
- Electron transport chain
- Used to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive reaction
- stroma
- dense fluid within the chloroplast
- chemiosmosis
- Process where energy stored in the form of hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such s the synthesis of ATP .
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- energy released at each step of the chain is stored in a form that the mitochondrion can use to make ATP . Powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain.
- reaction center
- A protein complex that includes two special chlorophyll a molecules and molecule called the primary electron acceptor.
- chemiosmosis
- energy-coupling mechanism that use energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across membrane to drive cellular work.
- cytochromes
- Proteins that make up the remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen
- carbon fixation
- The incorporation of carbon from carbon dioxide into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism.
- ATP synthase
- Enzyme that actually makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
- photons
- discrete particles, that are NOT tangible, Act like objects in that each of them has fixed quantity of energy.
- Reducing agent
- In generalized reaction, substance X, the electron donor
- Substrate-level phosphorylation
- A mode of ATP synthesis; a smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by this mechanism.
- Cellular respiration
- Most efficient catabolic pathway where oxygen is consumed as a reactant along wiht the organic fuel.
- Oxidizing agent
- Substance Y, the electron acceptor. It oxidizes X by removing its electron.
- thylakoids
- an elaborate system of interconnected membranous sacs
- photosynthesis
- The process of taking the light energy from the sun and converting it into chemical energy such stored in sugar and other organic molecules such as oxygen and water.
- mesophyll
- the tissue in the interior of the leaf, where chloroplasts are mainly found
- cyclic electron flow
- A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or O2