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bio exam 1

Terms

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Isomer with altered bonding relationship
Structural Isomer
Isomer with same bonding relationships, different spatial positions (include cis and trans)
Stereoisomers (geometric)
Isomer with same bonding relationships, different spatial positions (mirror image)
Stereoisomers (enantiomers)
Water used to link subunits together (energy input required)
Dehydration
Water used to break down polymers into subunits (energy output)
Hydrolysis
Primary storage polysaccharide in plants. Alpha glucose 1-4 linkages
Starch
Primary storage polysaccharide in animals (stored in liver and muscle)
Glycogen
Polymer of Beta glucose - parallel strands held together by H-bonds. Few organisms can digest (bacteria)
Cellulose
Modified version of cellulose. Composes exoskeletons of arthropods and fungi cell walls/ Beta glucose 1-4 linkages. Monomers of glucose derivitive called N-acetylglucosamine (NAC)
Chitin
Cell walls of bacteria composed of this. Beta glucose 1-4 linkages w/ short chains of amino acids attached to sugar groups
Peptidoglycan
Class of amino acids with R group containing primarily C's and H's (or just H)
nonpolar R group
Class of amino acids with R group containing electronegative atoms (O's and N's)
Polar uncharged R group
Class of amino acids with R group containing acids or bases
Ionizable (charged) R groups
Class of amino acids with R group containing carbon rings
Aromatics R groups
Class of amino acids with R group containing sulfer. Also Proline.
Special function R groups
Protein structure level based on amino acid sequence determined by inherited genetic information
Primary
Protein structure level resulting in alpha helices and beta pleated sheets due to H-bonding at regular intervals
Secondary
Protein structure level based on irregular contortions from ionic/hydrogen bonding between R groups. Includes hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges
Tertiary
Protein structure level which includes overall protein structure from associations between more than one protein chain
Quaternary
These help newly forming proteins fold correctly
Chaperones
Attached to 5' carbon of sugar in a nucleotide, involved in bonding between nucleotides
Phosphate group
x carbons in a ring, may be lacking oxygen on 2' carbon (deoxy)
5 carbon sugar
Part of nucleotide that carries genetic code, attached to 1' carbon
Nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous base with double ring structure (Includes Guanine and Adenine)
Purines
Nitrogenous base with single ring structure (Includes Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil)
Pyrimidines
Nonliving structures that may have evolved into living cells
Protobionts
Theory that eukarya evolved from cells engulfing others
Endosymbiosis
Virus cycle killing cell quickly, bursts w/ new viruses. Virulent viruses
Lytic cycle
Virus cycle where virus integrates viral nucleic acid into the host's genome (prophage). Temperate viruses.
Lysogenic cycle
Viruses containing RNA not DNA (HIV for example)
Retrovirus
Model showing cell membranes composed of proteins and lipids bobbing in a fluid bylayer of phospholipids
Fluid mosaic model
Containing both hydrophylic and hydrophobic regions (Phospholipids)
Amphipathic
Membrane protein that penetrates bilayer. Receptors, transporters, and anchors
Transmembrane proteins
Membrane proteins on interior. Serve as links from transmembrane proteins to structures
Peripheral proteins
Membrane protein involved in cell-cell adhesion and cell identity markers. (May be part of transmembrane proteins)
Cell surface proteins
Form of passive transport that involves transport proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Transport protein that forms a passage way. Interior of passageway is polar. Includes aquaporins
Ion channels
Form of ion channel that that allows water into a cell through facilitated diffusion
aquaporins
Transport protein that binds solutes on one side and release them on the other.
Carriers
Type of carrier transport protein that moves a single solute in one direction
Uniporter
Type of carrier transport protein that moves multiple solutes in one direction
symporter
Type of carrier transport protein that moves multiple solutes in opposite directions
antiporter
Movement of substances from regions of low conc. to regions of high. conc. Requires energy input (ATP)
Active transport
Active transporters that utilize ATP directly. Maintain membrane potetial
Primary active transporters
Electronegativity of C, O, H, N
O>N>C>H
D-glucose or L-glucose. Biologically active one?
D-glucose
Glucose with C-1 Hydroxyl group above plane
alpha glucose
glucose with C-1 hydroxyl group below plane
beta
What goes on 5' carbon of (deoxy)ribose sugar?
Phosphate group
What goes on 1' carbon of (deoxy)ribose sugar?
Nitrogenous base
What's special about 2' carbon of (deoxy)ribose
H means it's deoxyribose. OH (hydroxyl) means it's ribose.
What's special about 3' carbon of a (deoxy)ribose?
Binds to phosphate group on 5' carbon to create sugar phosphate backbone
These types of organisms have cell walls made of peptidoglycan
bacteria
These types of organisms have cell walls made of chitin
fungi
Gram-positive bacteria have a _______ layer cell wall and do/do not stain purple.
Single. Do.
Gram-negative bacteria have a _______ layer cell wall and do/do not stain purple.
Multiple (thin layer of peptidoglycan between bilayer). Do not.
These are nonliving things which lack ribosomes and enzymes for self-reproduction.
Viruses
These spontaneously form bylayers in water
Phospholipids
Unstable isotopes which break down
Radioactive isotopes
Energy levels _____ with distance from the nucleus
Increase
Water is an effective solvent for...
Polar molecules and ions
Weak forces between all molecules because electrons are constantly in motion creating slight temporary attraction
van der waals forces

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