Psyc. chp 3
Terms
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- Top-down
- Expectations guide perception.
- Whole Object Perception:
- We see the object as a whole and not as a combination of its parts
- Gestalt Psychology:
- Whole Object Perception
- Figure-ground Principle
- Perceptual we divide our visual sensation into figure(s) and ground.
- Figures
- Objects in the foreground that draw our attention.
- Ground
- The background is what the figures “rest†on.
- Optical Illusions:
- Takes advantage of our ability to “ignore†the background.
- Law of Closure:
- We fill in the “gapâ€
- Law of Similarity:
- We group items that are similar
- Law of Proximity:
- We group items close in proximity.
- Law of Good Continuation:
- We group perceptual elements that appear to “move†together.
- Relative Size
- As things move closer they appear larger.
- Overlap:
- When two objects overlap, the one on top is closer.
- Texture Gradient:
- Close = crisp, Faraway = fuzzy.
- Linear Perspective:
- Parallel lines meet in the distance.
- Motion Parallax:
- When you are moving, closer objects appear to be moving faster than distant objects.
- Convergence:
- How much do the eyes move in order to focus?
- Binocular Disparity:
- Calculating depth perception based on disparity in the retina images of each eye.
- Size Constancy:
- Just because closer objects look bigger that doesn’t mean they are bigger.
- Shape Constancy:
- Just because the retina image changes this does not mean the shape of the object changes.
- Perceptual Psychology
- Studying how we collect and integrate basic sensory information from the environment.
- Sensation:
- Collecting basic sensory information
- Perception:
- Organizing and Interpreting sensory information. Giving it Meaning.
- Transduction:
- Converting environmental stimuli into information that can be used by your sensory neurons.
- Sensory Cells:
- Specialized cells that perform transduction
- Auditory Sensory Cells:
- Hair Cells (in Cochlea) perform transduction for auditory neurons
- Smell Sensory Cells:
- Olfactory receptors perform transduction for olfactory neurons.
- Taste Sensory Cells:
- Taste buds (50 receptors per bud) perform transduction for “taste†neurons.
- Touch:
- A combination of different receptors and sensory neurons are thought to code for pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.
- Absolute Threshold:
- Smallest possible stimulus strength that can be detected.
- Difference Threshold:
- Smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected.
- Weber’s (VAY-berz) Law:
- The size of the stimulus influences our perception of Just Noticeable Differences (JND).
- Sensory Adaptation:
- Sensory receptors quickly become less responsive to “constant continuous†stimuli.
- Cornea
- Transparent outer layer that helps gather & direct light.
- Lens:
- Directs and focuses image onto the retina
- Iris:
- Smooth circular muscle that controls the amount of light entering the eye.
- Retina:
- A layer of tissue lining the back of the eyeball.
- Rods:
- More numerous and sensitive, but lack color vision.
- Cones
- Grant us color vision.
- Bipolar Cells:
- Collect information from the rods and cones and relies that information to the ganglion cells.
- Ganglion Cells:
- Sensory neurons that gather information from across the retina and leave the eye via the optic nerve.
- Vision:
- The Detection of Light Bouncing off Objects
- Trichromatic Theory:
- The combined activation of these 3 cones leads to the perception of different colors.
- Opponent-Processing
- Color vision is the result of opponent-pairs Lower-level: Photoreceptors Higher-Level: Neurons and Brain
- Bottom-up
- Just the facts (“pure sensory†perception).