bio finals test
Terms
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copy deck
- Law of dominance
- dominant allele masks recessive allele
- law of segregation
- a pair of alleles separate during gamete formation(meiosis)
- independent assortment
- all sets of alleles separate randomly and independently
- homozygous
- alleles are alike : PP pp
- heterozygous
- alleles are diff : Pp
- dominant
- F1 generation, masks other trait in pair
- recessive
- F2 generation, the weaker allele, two copies must be present to express
- genotype
- organism's genetic makeup : PP Pp
- phenotype
- organisms appearance Pp is purple..pp is white
- test crosses
- the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype w/ a homozygous recessive individual to determine unknown genotype
- incomplete dominance
- offspring have a phenotype between that of the parents. Neither allele is Completely dominant over the other....Ex. 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1rr
- monohybrid
- a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked....PPx pp
- codominance
- a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
- dihybrid
- cross in which two characteristics are tracked...ex. both texture and color are tracked...16 punnet
- gene expression
- the activation or "turning on" of a gene that results in transcription and the production of mRNA (most mRNA translates into proteins)
- promoter
- it initializes transcription
- genome
- complete genetic material contained in an individual
- inducer
- this protein initiates gene expression
- sex chromosomes
- determine the sex of the baby if there are two x's then the baby is a girl...if tyhere is one x and one y then it is a male
- sex linked traits
- the female carries the gene and the males lack that gene
- pedigree
- squares are males, circles are females, shaded means they have the inherited trait
- human genome project
- a research effort undertaken to sequence all of our DNA and locate within it all of the functionally important sequences such as genes
- earth age
- earth is 4.5 billion years old and life first appeared 3.5 billion years ago
- heterotrphs
- appear before autotrophs
- prokaryotes
- appear before eukaryotes
- radioactive dating
- a method of determining the absolute age of an object by comparing the relative percentages of radioactive isotope and a stable isotope
- half life
- the time required for half of a sample of a radioactiveisotope to break down by radioactive decay to form a daughter isotope
- carbon 14
- radioactive isotope
- carbon 12
- stable isotope
- darwins theory
- the individuals with favorable traits will survive and the ones w/out them wont survive
- lamarcks theory
- traits are inherited , the animals strive to make themselves better...giraffes had short necks but stretched to trees which gave them long n's and the offspring inherited that trait
- adaption
- the process of becoming adapted to an environment:an anomatical,physiological, or behavioral trait that improves the ability to live
- survival of the fittest
- geology-charles lyell-gradual gological changes influence plant and animal life.......selective breeding has resulted in organisms w/ little resemblence to their ancestors
- artificial selection
- the selective breeding of organisms by humans for specific desirable characteristics
- population control
- more offspring are born than can survive
- fossils
- the trace of remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved insedimentary
- biochemistry
- genetic code is universal. More closely related organisms are the more smaller their DNA
- homologous
- anatomical structures in one species that compared to another species originated from a single anatomical strucure in a common ancestor of the two species
- vestigial
- a structure in an organism that is reduced insize and function and that may have been complete and funtional in the organisms ancestors
- analogouse
- an anatomical structure in one species that is similar in funtion and appearance but not in evolutionary origin to another anatomical structure in another species
- convergent
- the process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment
- divergent
- the process by which two or more related but repoductively isolated popilations become more and more dissimilar
- hardy-weinburgs principle
- the frequencies of alleles ina population does not change over generations unless outside forves act on the population
- population genetics
- the study of the frequency and interaction of alleles and genes in populations
- gene pool
- all of the genes of the reproductively active members of a population
- genetic equilibrium
- frequency of alleles remains the same generation to generation
- genetic drift
- random change in allele frequencies due to change event(migration, natural disasters)
- levels of biosphere
- oraganism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
- individuals(organisms)
- an independent individual that posesses all characteristics of life
- populations
- a group of various species that live in a specific geographical area and iterbreed
- community
- a group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other
- ecosystem
- a communiity of organisms and their abiotic environment
- biosphere
- includes all living organisms on earth
- producers
- an organism that can make organic molecules from inorganic molecules; a photosynthetic or chemosynthetic autotrph that serves as the basic food source in an ecosystem
- consumers
- an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter instead of producing it's own nutrients of obtaining nutrients from inorganic sources
- decomposers
-
an organism that feeds by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms
Ex. bacteria and fungi - food chains
- the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms
- food web
- a diagram that shows the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem
- ecological pyramids
- it takes a lot of producers to have the evergy transfered to larger animals at the top
- trophic levels
-
an organisms relative position in a sequence of energy transfer in a food chain or food pyriamid
ex. producers, primary, secondary, tertiary consumer - biomass
- any organic material that has been produced in an ecosystem
- carbon cycle
- the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back
- nitrogen cycle
- the process in which nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals in an ecosystem
- chemicals
- cycle through ecosystem
- energy
- lost as you go through the food chain...and does not cycle through the exosystem but is supplied by the sun
- factors that influence populations
- limiting factors, carrying capacity expotential growth, density dependent factors, density independent factors
- limiting factors
- an environmental factor that prevents and organism of poulation from reaching its full potential of distibution or activity
- carrying capacity
- the largest poulation that an environment can support at any given time
- density depedent factors
- a variable affected by the number of organisms in a given area
- density independent factors
- a variable that affects a population regardless of the poulation density such as a climate
- symbiosis
- a realationship inwhich two diff organisms live in close association with each other
- mutualism
- a relationship between two species in which both species benefit....bees and flowers
- commensalisms
- a relationship between two organisms in which one organisms benfits and the other is unaffects......cattle egrets and cape buffaloes
- parasitism
- a relationship between two species in which one species, the parasite benefits from the other species the host which is harmed...lice
- ecological succession
- a gradual proccess of gange and replacement in a community
- primary succession
- succession that begins in an area that previously didnt support life
- secondary succession
- the process by which one community replaces another community that has been partially or totally destroyed
- pioneer communities
- a species that colonizes an uninhabited area and that starts an ecological cycle in which many other species become established
- climax communities
- a community that, after a process of ecological succession has reached a generally stable state
- biomes
- theyy are known by the presence of plants and animals
- climatograms
- graph precipitation and temperature of a given area
- renewable resources
- trees are a renewable resource because it can be grown again
- non-renewable resources
- a forest is a nonrenewable resource
- biodegradable
- it can break down in the earth over time
- nonbiodegradable
- cannot break down; will take a very long time to break down
- water pollution
- people dump raw sewage or trash into the water
- chemical pollution
- produces smog which is form human activities, burning fuel, and using chemicals in vehiclas homes and industries
- cause of pollution
- hole in ozone...global warming
- non native species
- species that are introduced into a new environment