AP BIO exam terms 2

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Cytokinesis: The division of the cytoplasm to form two seperate daughter cells after mitosis.
Leukocyte: A white blood cell that has an important role in the immune system and can phagocytosize foreign agents and particles in the body. They also produce anitbodies.
Cholesterol: A steroid lipid that is an essential component of cell membranes in animals.
Flagellum: A long cellular appendage used by single-cell organism for locomotion. Eukaryotic ones are made of microtubule proteins. Prokaryotic ones are made of a single helical chain of flagellin proteins.
Minimum viable population (MVP): The smallest number of individuals living in a certain habitat needed to perpetuate a population.
Macrophage: Cell of the immune system that in amoeboid in structure. They travel through tissue fibers, phagocytotically engulfing bacterica and dead cells.
Ganglion: A grouping of nerve bodies in a centralized nervous system, it acts as a coordinating center. In higher organisms it evolved into the brain and spinal chord.
Electron transport chain: A sequence of electron carriers embedded in a membrane that shuttles electrons in a series of redox reactions and releases energy that is used to drive ATP synthesis.
Hydrostatic skeleton: A skeletal system that is composed of fluid that is under pressure in a closed body compartment. This type of skeleton is seen in organisms such as flatworms, nematodes, cnidarians, and annelids.
Electrogenic pump: A protein pump that transports ions across the cell membrane and concurrently generates a voltage potential the membrane. They are involved in electrogenic transport.
Altruism: Animal behavior that reduces the fitness of the individual while increasing the fitness of the recipient of the behavior. Two possible explanations: increasing inclusive fitness and increasing the chances of reciprocal altruism.
peptide bond: form between the amino acids in a protein; these are formed by dehydration reactions, where a water molecule is given off
Niche: Sum of the a species' use of biotic and abiotic resources in its particular environment. No two species can share this in the same environment.
Medusa: One of two forms of cnidarian body plan; characterized by flattened, free-floating, mouth down appearance. aka jellyfish
Clevage: It occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells. First a clevage furrow appears, pinching in the cell membrane and dividing the cytoplasm of the into two parts. Clevage forms the blastula.
Cellulose: A structural polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers. It makes up plant cell walls.
Metastasis: The movement of cancerous cells to locations distant from their origin.
Omnivore: A heterotroph that consumes both plant and animal materials.
Calvin cycle: The second of the two major stages of photosynthesis; follows light reactions and involves the fixation of CO2 and its reduction to glucose and other sugars to be used as food for the plant.
Habituation: A simple type of learning in which an animal loses responsiveness to stimuli that it has learned to associate with neither a positive or negative result- any stimuli that conveys no info.
Imprinting: A type of learning that occurs very early in development over a time called a sensitive period. The young animal learns to form a social bond with the first individual (of any species) it sees.
Nephridium: Blood filtration and excretory organ characteristic of segmented worms.
Cofactor: A nonprotein molecule that is necessary for an enzyme to be functional. They can bind permanently to enzymes at their active site or loosely during the actual reaction.
Binary fission: Cell division that occurs in prokaryotes; cell divides into 2 daughter cells, each of which receives a roughly equal amount of cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles and one copy of the parental chromosome.
Parathyroid glands: Four endocrine glands that are embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland; they secrete hormone act to raise blood levels of calcium.
Negative feedback: A mechanism of hormone functionality in the body in which a change in a physiological variable that is monitored by the body triggers a response counteracting that change.m
Medulla oblongata: The lowest part of the vertebrae brain, dorsal to anterior spinal chord. It controls the autonomic, homeostatic functions of the body (breathing, heart and blood vessel changes, swallowing, and digestion).
Mesophyll: The tissue of a plant leaf that is sandwhiched between the upper and lower epidermis and contains cells specialized for photosynthesis.
Nucleoid: Dense region of DNA in prokaryotic cells
Angiosperm: A flowering plant, have a vascular system and form seeds inside protective compartments called ovaries.
Active transport: The movement of a substance across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient. Energy is needed for this type of transport. (sodium-potassium pump)
Starch: A polymer of glucose and the main storage substance of plants. It is insoluble in water.
Oncogene: A cancer-causing gene. A particular type of noncancerous gene, called a proto-oncogene can be converted to this by mutation.
Keystone species: Species that are not usually the most abundant species of a community yet have a large role in maintaing the structure of the community through their niches. Removal would cause serious alteration.
Cytoplasmic streaming: The circular flowing of cytoplasm that involves actin and myosin filaments; this increases the rate of movement of the materials around the cell.
Cytoskeleton: The network of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments that branch continously throughout the cytoplasm of euakaryotic cells. It supports the cell and moves organelles around.
Telophase: The final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis begins.
Cell plate: A double membrane that forms across the equator of the dividing plant cell; in between this layer, the new plant cell wall forms during cytokinesis in plant mitosis.
Acetylcholine: The most common neurotransmitter. At neuromuscular junctions it is released by the synaptic terminal and enters the synaptic cleft. It binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane and has an excitatory effect.
Histamine: A substance released by injured cells that causes the dilation of nearby blood vessels and capillaries in an inflammatory response.
Contractile vacuole: Membrane bound sac that aids in the movement of water out of the cell, commonly seen in freshwater protists.
Facilitated diffusion: The movement of molecules and ions across the cell membrane and down their concentration gradient. It is spontaneous and does not require energy.
Endocytosis: Macromolecules and small particles are taken into the cell by parts of the cell membrane invaginating and pinching off to form intracellular vesicles that carry substances into the cell.
Gallbladder: The organ that stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine during digestion.
Instinct: Behavior that is innate and doesn't have to be learned.
Denaturation: The process where through heating, increasing salinity, or increasing acidity causes a protein to loses its functional conformation and to become biologically inactive. In DNA it results in the seperation of the double helix.
Fluid-mosaic model: Model of the cell membrane as a dynamic structure with proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.
Cellular respiration: The catabolic pathway in cells where glucose is broken down to create energy for the cell in the form of ATP. During this process oxygen is consumed along with sugar molecules. The process includes: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation.
Mycelium: The heavy, dense, interwoven branching hyphae of fungus.
Ovule: The structure that develops in the ovary of the plant and contains the female gametophyte and gametes; after fertilization it develops into the seed.
Myelin sheath: In a nerve cell, an insulating sheath of cell membranes of Schwann cells that is wrapped around the axon; the sheath is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier, where saltatory conduction occurs.
Minimun dynamic area: The least amount of sustainable habitat that is needed to support a population.
Myosin: A type of protein filament that interacts with actin to cause muscle cell contraction.
Fermentation: The anaerobic catabolic process that produces a limited amount of ATP from the breakdown of glucose; does not involve an electron transport chain and results in the production of lactic acid or ethyl alcohol.
ATP: The energy currency of the cell. Adenosine is bonded to 3 phosphate groups. The energy released from dephosphorlyation of it (forming ADP) is used to do work.
Notochord: A long, narrow, flexible rod of cells that runs along the dorsal axis of the body during development in chordates; it lies in the future position of the vertebral column.
Gastrula: Forms from the blastula and has three germ layers: the endoderm, ectoderm, and the mesoderm. The layers form the three types of tissue in the adult organism. Process is called gastrulation.
Hemoglobin: A protein found in red blood cells that has an iron-containing heme group capable of reversibly binding oxygen. It is responsible for oxygen transportation.
Hypothalamus: The section of the brain in the ventral part of the forebrain. It is in charge of maintaining homeostasis by coordinating the nervous and endocrine systems. It also secretes hormones targeted to the anterior and posterior pituitary.
Oogenesis: The process that takes place in the ovary and produces female gametes, the ova.
Acetyl CoA: Two carbon compound that enters Krebs cycle in cellular respiration.
Glycogen: A glucose storage polysaccharide that is extensively branched. It is stored in the liver and muscle of animals and is broken down into glucose molecules when blood sugars are low. Glucose molecules are then released into the bloodstream.
CAM plant: A type of plant that uses a process called crassulacean acid metabolism to fix carbon dioxide and produce sugars. CO2 is taken into plant leaves at night and stored as organic acids. During the day these acids release CO2 to be used in Calvin cycle. Desert plants use this.
steroid: class of lipids characterized by four fused carbon-containing rings with various functional groups. They are important in maintaining cell membrane fluidity
Gymnosperm: Any vascular plant that has naked seeds. (Pine trees, other conifers) The dispersion of these plants' seeds often relies on wind.
Neritic zone: The shallow zone of ocean that is above the continental shelves; it extends to about 600 feet beneath the surface and is home to many algae, crustaceans, and fish.
Gametophyte: The haploid, multicellular form in plants that undergo alternation of generations. These plants mitotically produce haploid gametes that fuse and eventually grow into the diploid adult form of the plant.
Heterotroph: An organism that is unable to photosynthesize and must obtain organic molecules by consuming autotrophs. This includes all consumers and decomposers.
Interstitial fluid: In vertebrates, the substance that fills the space between cells and is the site of the exchange of nutrients for waste by capillary exchange.
Mycorrhizae: The symbiotic association of a fungus and the root of legumes. The fungus provides the plant with minerals that it "fixes" from the soil, and the plant provides the fungus with food from the sugars made in photosynthesis.
Nucleotide: Made of nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate
Insulin: A hormone in vertebrates that is secreted by cells of the pancreas called islets of Langerhans; it lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by the cells of the body and promotes the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver, and the synthesis of protein and fat.
Malpighian tubules: An excretory organ that is unique to insects, empties into digestive tract and removes nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph, also plays a role in osmoregulation.
Chlorophyll: A green pigment in chloroplasts of plant cells. It is a photosynthetic pigment that participates in the light reactions of photosynthesis, aiding in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
Lymphocyte: White blood cell. Some develop in the bone marrow called B cells and others develop in the thymus called T cells.
Amniote: An animal that is contained by an amniotic egg at a certain point in development. The egg is shell-protected and water-retaining which enables them to complete development in terrestrial environments. (alligators, turtles, birds, snakes).
Lichen: Mutualistic symbiotic association between a fungus and photosynthetic alga.
Hypha: The filaments that collectively make up the body of fungi. They are made of thin threads of tubular walls that surround eukaryotelike cells.
Ovoviparous: Refers to animals in which the young hatch from eggs that are retained in the uterus of the mother
Centriole: In animal cells, it is composed of cylindrical microtubule triplets and there is usually two of them. During prophase they migrate to opposite ends of the cell and are associated with the mitotic spindle.
Chitin: The structural polysaccharide made up of amino sugar monomers; it is present in fungi and forms the exoskeletons of arthropods. It is similar in structure to cellulose.
Exocytosis: The secretion of macromolecules by cells, in which cellular vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and the contents of the vesicles are released out of the cell.
Vitamin: Organic molecule that the human body requires in trace amounts, they are often coenzymes and are necessary for the function of important body enzymes.
Homeostasis: Internal maintenance of the steady-state physiological conditions of the body.
Cristae: Infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion; they are the site of the electron transport chain and the enzymes that catalyze ATP synthesis in cellular respiration.
Thylakoid: A membranous, flattened sac insided the chloroplast; the site of much photosynthetic activity. Some are found in stacks called grana.
Neurotransmitter: Chemical messenger that is released from the synaptic terminal of a neuron and diffuses through the synaptic cleft to bind to the postsynaptic membrane. They elicit excitatory or inhibitory responses, which can effect myriad actions.
pelagic zone: Oceanic zone past the continental shelf, greatest depth and is divided into photic zone and an aphotic zone
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, caused by signals that trigger the activation of series of specialized proteins causing death.
Intertidal zone: The shallow zone of the ocean where the water meets the shore; this zone periodically changes with the changing tides. Also called the littoral zone.
Centromere: The chromosomal junction that marks the point where two sister chromatids are joined.
Active site: The region of the enzyme where the substrate binds.
Operant conditioning: Associative learning through trial and error.
Alveoli: Clusters of air sacs at the end of the bronchioles; they are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs. Oxygen diffuses across the membrane into the capillaries that surround them and carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries to them.
Oviparous: Refers to the type of development in which young hatches from eggs that are laid outside the mother's body.
Monocot: The group of flowering plants (angiosperms) whose members possess one embryonic seed leaf (cotyledon) during embryonic development. They have a fibrous root system, flower parts that occur in threes, and parallel veins in the leaves.
Cartenoid: An accessory pigment (yellow, orange, red) that exists in chloroplasts. They absorb wavelengths of light that chlorophyll molecules cannot, thereby increasing the spectrum of colors that can be absorbed to drive photosynthesis.
Mullerian mimicry: Two or more species that have bright warning coloration and are both either unpalatable of have another type of chemical defense capability.
Coenzyme: A cofactor that is an organic molecule. These molecules regulate enzyme activity.

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