Biology Ch. 1-5 PRHS
Info for first year biology, all you need for mid-terms.
Terms
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- Passive Transport
- movement across teh cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell
- Cells
- are highly organized, tiny structures with thin coverings called membranes
- Isotonic Solution
- a solution that produces no change in cell volume because of osmosis
- Carotenoids
- pigments that produce yellow and orange fall leaf colors
- Diffusion
- the movement of a substance from an are oh gih concentration to an area of lower concentration caused by the random motion of particles
- Receptor Protein
- a protein that binds to a specific signal molecule, enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule
- Experiment
- a planned procedure to test a hypothesis
- Aerobic
- metabolic processes that require oxygen
- Lysosomes
- small, spherical organelles taht contain the cell's digestive enzymes
- Gene
- the basic unit of heredity
- Scanning Tunneling Microscope
- uses a needle-like probe to measure differences in voltage caused by electrons that leak, or tunnel, from the surface of the object being viewed
- Atom
- the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means
- HIV
- a virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system
- Evolution
- change in the inherited characteristics of species over generations
- Magnification
- the quality of making an image appear larger than its actual size
- Enzymes
- substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- an extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell
- Gene Therapy
- the replacement of a defective gene with a normal version
- Monosaccharides
- the building blocks of carbohydrates are single sugars called
- Lipids
- nonpolar molecules that are not solubel or mostly insoluble in water
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- may consist of a single strand of nucleotides or of based-paired nucleotides
- Cilia
- Short hairlike structures that protrude form the surface of some eukaryotic cells
- Control Group
- a group in an experiment that receives no experimental treatment
- Osmosis
- the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
- Second Messenger
- acts as a signal molecule in the cytoplasm, amplifies the signal of the first messenger-that is, the origional signal molecule
- Cytoskeleton
- a system of microscopic fibers
- Biology
- the study of life
- Homeostasis
- the maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment
- Sodium-Potassuim Pump
- transports three sodium ions, Na+, out of a cell and two potassium ions, K+, into the cell
- Facilitated Diffusion
- a type of passive transport, moves substances down their concentration gradient without using energy
- Ion Channel
- a transport protein with a polar pore through which ions can pass
- Heredity
- the passing of traits from parent to offspring
- Cancer
- a growth defect in cells, a breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division
- Pigments
- light-absorbing substances
- Species
- a group of genetically similar orgamisms that can produce fertile offspring
- Ribosomes
- the cellular structures on which proteins are made
- Ion
- an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons
- Electron Transprot Chains
- the series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a thylakoid membrane
- Bases
- compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
- Concentration Gradient
- the difference in the concentration of a substance
- Flagella
- long, threadlike structures that protrude from the cell's surface and enable movement
- Photosynthesis
- the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy
- Substrate
- a substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction
- Active Transport
- the transport of a substance across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- may consist of a single strand of nucleotides that spiral around each other
- Nucleic Acid
- a long chain of smaller molicules called nucleotides
- Molecule
- a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
- Hydrogen Bonds
- a weak chemical attraction between polar molecules
- Vesicle
- a small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances in cells
- Organelle
- a structure that carries out specific activities in the cell
- Carbohydrates
- organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1
- ATP
- the main energy currency of cells
- Chlorophyll
- the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis
- Nucleotide
- has three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group, which contains phosphorus and oxygen atoms
- Cell Theory
- 1)All living things are made of one or more cells 2)Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms 3)All cells arise from existing cells
- Cell Membrane
- an outer boundary of a cell
- Cytoplasm
- the cell interior
- pH
- a relative measure of the hydrogen ion concentration within a solution
- Golgi Apparatus
- a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that serves as the packaging and distribution center of the cell
- Hypertonic Solution
- a solutin that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis
- Adhesion
- an attraction between different substances
- Carrier Proteins
- carries a substance across the cell membrane
- Natural Selection
- the process in which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
- Acids
- compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
- Metabolism
- is the sum of all of the chemical reactions carried out in an organism
- Lipid Bilayer
- an arrangment of phospholipids in a double layer in the cell membrane
- Resolution
- is the measure of the clarity of an image
- Hypothesis
- an explanation that might be true- a statement that can be tested by addtional observations or experimentation
- Activation Energy
- the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
- Phospholipid
- a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids
- Mutation
- a change in the DNA of a gene
- Autotrophs
- organisms that use energy from the sunlight
- Prokaryote
- a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other internal compartments
- Cellular Respiration
- a metabolic process similar to burning fuel
- Cell Wall
- surrounding the cell membrane that provides structure and support
- Light Microscope
- light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a specimen
- NADPH
- an electron carrier that provides the high-energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the third stage of photosynthesis
- Solution
- a mixture in wich one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance
- Anaerobic
- Metabolic processes that do not require oxygen
- Endocytosis
- the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle
- Mitochondria
- an organelle that harvests energy from organic compounds to make ATP
- ATP
- a single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups
- Active Sites
- an enzyme's substrate fits into this
- Hypotonic Solution
- a solutin that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis
- Thylakoids
- clusters of pigments are embedded in the membranes of disk-shaped structures called
- Nucleus
- an internal compartmet that houses the cell's DNA
- Eukaryote
- is an organism whose cells have a nucleus
- Dependent Variable
- the variable that is measured in an experiment
- Central Vacuole
- membrane bound sac (plant cells)
- Compound
- a substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements
- Heterotrophs
- organisms taht must get energy from food instead of directly from food through the process of cellular repiration
- Covalent Bonds
- form when two or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule
- Observation
- the act of noting or perceiving objects or events using the senses
- Exocytosis
- the movement of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of the cell
- Ecology
- the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with the nonliving part of their environment
- Calvin Cycle
- a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar
- Carbon Dioxide Fixation
- the transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compounds
- Protein
- usually a large molecule formed by linked smaller molecules called amino acids
- Amino Acids
- the building blocks of proteins
- Electron Microscope
- forms an image of a specimen using a beam of electrons rather than light
- Cystic Fibrosis
- a fatal disorder in which a thick, sticky mucus clogs passages in many of the body's organs
- Genome
- the complete genetic material contained in an individual
- Energy
- the ability to move or change matter
- Glycolysis
- an enzyme-assisted anaerobic process that
- Reproduction
- is the process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next
- Independent Variable
- the factor that is changed in an experiment
- Equilibrium
- is a condition in which the concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space
- Chloroplasts
- organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water (plant cells)
- Cohesion
- an attraction between substances of the same kind
- Theory
- a set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists