This site is 100% ad supported. Please add an exception to adblock for this site.

Biology Ch. 1-5 PRHS

Info for first year biology, all you need for mid-terms.

Terms

undefined, object
copy deck
Passive Transport
movement across teh cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell
Cells
are highly organized, tiny structures with thin coverings called membranes
Isotonic Solution
a solution that produces no change in cell volume because of osmosis
Carotenoids
pigments that produce yellow and orange fall leaf colors
Diffusion
the movement of a substance from an are oh gih concentration to an area of lower concentration caused by the random motion of particles
Receptor Protein
a protein that binds to a specific signal molecule, enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule
Experiment
a planned procedure to test a hypothesis
Aerobic
metabolic processes that require oxygen
Lysosomes
small, spherical organelles taht contain the cell's digestive enzymes
Gene
the basic unit of heredity
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
uses a needle-like probe to measure differences in voltage caused by electrons that leak, or tunnel, from the surface of the object being viewed
Atom
the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means
HIV
a virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system
Evolution
change in the inherited characteristics of species over generations
Magnification
the quality of making an image appear larger than its actual size
Enzymes
substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions
Endoplasmic Reticulum
an extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell
Gene Therapy
the replacement of a defective gene with a normal version
Monosaccharides
the building blocks of carbohydrates are single sugars called
Lipids
nonpolar molecules that are not solubel or mostly insoluble in water
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
may consist of a single strand of nucleotides or of based-paired nucleotides
Cilia
Short hairlike structures that protrude form the surface of some eukaryotic cells
Control Group
a group in an experiment that receives no experimental treatment
Osmosis
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Second Messenger
acts as a signal molecule in the cytoplasm, amplifies the signal of the first messenger-that is, the origional signal molecule
Cytoskeleton
a system of microscopic fibers
Biology
the study of life
Homeostasis
the maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment
Sodium-Potassuim Pump
transports three sodium ions, Na+, out of a cell and two potassium ions, K+, into the cell
Facilitated Diffusion
a type of passive transport, moves substances down their concentration gradient without using energy
Ion Channel
a transport protein with a polar pore through which ions can pass
Heredity
the passing of traits from parent to offspring
Cancer
a growth defect in cells, a breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division
Pigments
light-absorbing substances
Species
a group of genetically similar orgamisms that can produce fertile offspring
Ribosomes
the cellular structures on which proteins are made
Ion
an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons
Electron Transprot Chains
the series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a thylakoid membrane
Bases
compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Concentration Gradient
the difference in the concentration of a substance
Flagella
long, threadlike structures that protrude from the cell's surface and enable movement
Photosynthesis
the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy
Substrate
a substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction
Active Transport
the transport of a substance across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
may consist of a single strand of nucleotides that spiral around each other
Nucleic Acid
a long chain of smaller molicules called nucleotides
Molecule
a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
a weak chemical attraction between polar molecules
Vesicle
a small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances in cells
Organelle
a structure that carries out specific activities in the cell
Carbohydrates
organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1
ATP
the main energy currency of cells
Chlorophyll
the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis
Nucleotide
has three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group, which contains phosphorus and oxygen atoms
Cell Theory
1)All living things are made of one or more cells 2)Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms 3)All cells arise from existing cells
Cell Membrane
an outer boundary of a cell
Cytoplasm
the cell interior
pH
a relative measure of the hydrogen ion concentration within a solution
Golgi Apparatus
a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that serves as the packaging and distribution center of the cell
Hypertonic Solution
a solutin that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis
Adhesion
an attraction between different substances
Carrier Proteins
carries a substance across the cell membrane
Natural Selection
the process in which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
Acids
compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
Metabolism
is the sum of all of the chemical reactions carried out in an organism
Lipid Bilayer
an arrangment of phospholipids in a double layer in the cell membrane
Resolution
is the measure of the clarity of an image
Hypothesis
an explanation that might be true- a statement that can be tested by addtional observations or experimentation
Activation Energy
the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Phospholipid
a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids
Mutation
a change in the DNA of a gene
Autotrophs
organisms that use energy from the sunlight
Prokaryote
a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other internal compartments
Cellular Respiration
a metabolic process similar to burning fuel
Cell Wall
surrounding the cell membrane that provides structure and support
Light Microscope
light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a specimen
NADPH
an electron carrier that provides the high-energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the third stage of photosynthesis
Solution
a mixture in wich one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance
Anaerobic
Metabolic processes that do not require oxygen
Endocytosis
the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle
Mitochondria
an organelle that harvests energy from organic compounds to make ATP
ATP
a single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups
Active Sites
an enzyme's substrate fits into this
Hypotonic Solution
a solutin that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis
Thylakoids
clusters of pigments are embedded in the membranes of disk-shaped structures called
Nucleus
an internal compartmet that houses the cell's DNA
Eukaryote
is an organism whose cells have a nucleus
Dependent Variable
the variable that is measured in an experiment
Central Vacuole
membrane bound sac (plant cells)
Compound
a substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements
Heterotrophs
organisms taht must get energy from food instead of directly from food through the process of cellular repiration
Covalent Bonds
form when two or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule
Observation
the act of noting or perceiving objects or events using the senses
Exocytosis
the movement of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of the cell
Ecology
the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with the nonliving part of their environment
Calvin Cycle
a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar
Carbon Dioxide Fixation
the transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compounds
Protein
usually a large molecule formed by linked smaller molecules called amino acids
Amino Acids
the building blocks of proteins
Electron Microscope
forms an image of a specimen using a beam of electrons rather than light
Cystic Fibrosis
a fatal disorder in which a thick, sticky mucus clogs passages in many of the body's organs
Genome
the complete genetic material contained in an individual
Energy
the ability to move or change matter
Glycolysis
an enzyme-assisted anaerobic process that
Reproduction
is the process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next
Independent Variable
the factor that is changed in an experiment
Equilibrium
is a condition in which the concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space
Chloroplasts
organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water (plant cells)
Cohesion
an attraction between substances of the same kind
Theory
a set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists

Deck Info

110

permalink