Chapter 12 Vocabulary (Inheritance Patterns & Human Genetics)
Terms
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- amniocentesis
-
a procedure used in fetal diagnosis in which fetal cells are
removed from the amniotic fluid - carrier
- individuals that have one copy of a recessive autosomal allele
- chromosome map
- a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome
- colorblindness
-
a recessive X-linked disorder in which an individual cannot
distinguish between certain colors - deletion
-
a mutation in which a segment of DNA breaks off of a
chromosome - Down syndrome
-
a disorder caused by an extra twenty-first chromosome and
characterized by a number of physical and mental abnormalities - Duchenne muscular dystrophy
-
a form of muscular dystrophy that weakens
and progressively destroys muscle tissue - frame shift mutation
-
a mutation that results in the misreading of the code
during translation because of a change in the reading frame - genetic counseling
-
the process of informing a couple about their genetic
makeup, which has the potential to affect their offspring - genetic disorder
- a disease that has a genetic basis
- genetic marker
-
a short section of DNA that indicates the presence of an allele
that codes for a trait - genetic screening
- an examination of a personÂ’s genetic makeup
- germ cell mutation
- a change in the DNA of a sex cell
- hemophilia
-
a trait in which the blood lacks a protein that is essential for
clotting - HuntingtonÂ’s disease
-
a human genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele
resulting in involuntary movements, mental deterioration, and eventual
death - inversion
-
a mutation that occurs when a chromosome piece breaks off and
reattaches in reverse orientation - lethal mutation
- genetic mutation that lead to death, often before birth
- linkage group
-
the group of genes, located on the same chromosome, that are
usually inherited together - map unit
-
a unit in chromosome mapping equal to a 1 percent occurrence of
crossing-over - monosomy
-
a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosome of one pair
is missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis - multiple allele trait
-
traits that are controlled by three or more alleles of the
same gene that code for a single trait - nondisjunction
-
the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during
meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis - pedigree
-
a diagram of the genetic history of an individual; can show how a trait
is inherited over several generations - phenylketonuria (PKU)
-
a genetic disorder in which the body cannot
metabolize phenylalanine - point mutation
-
the change of a single nitrogen-containing base within a
codon - polygenic trait
- a trait controlled by multiple genes
- sex-influenced trait
-
a trait that is influenced by the presence of male or female
sex hormones - sex-linkage
- the presence of a gene on a sex chromosome
- single-allele trait
- a trait controlled by a single allele
- somatic mutation
- a mutation that occurs in a body cell
- substitution
-
a point mutation in which one nucleotide in a codon is replaced
with a different nucleotide - translocation
-
a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosome attaches to a
nonhomologous chromosome; movement of organic molecules in plant
tissues - trisomy
-
a chromosomal anomaly in which an individual has an extra
chromosome in any of the chromosome pairs - trisomy-21
-
a human congenital disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21
due to the failure of the sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or the
failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis (see Down
syndrome) - X-linked gene
- a gene found on the X chromosome
- Y-linked gene
- a gene found on the Y chromosome