History test chp 10
Terms
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- byzantine empire
- eastern half of the Roman empire, greek major populatin group in central,
- Constantinople
- capital of byzantium, center of christiantiy and trade, built by constantine in 330, Bosphorous and Dardenelss straits, control over Mediterranian and Black seas, natural protection,
- new rome
- constantinoiple, people Roman and spoke latin, richest part of the Roman empire, most advanced civilization in the world
- Bosphorous strait
- b/w maramara and black seas
- Dardanelles
- striat b/w maramara and agean
- Eastern orthodoxy
- new branch of christainity, ruled by Patriarch, emperor head over church and state, less strict marriage rules ect. liked icons language was greek
- Roman Catholic
- lead by Pope- supreme authoriy, Language was Latin, Strict marriage rules, Dislicked icons,
- Justinian
- emperor at height of empire, son of peseants in Macedonia, threat to east by Chosroes I of persian empire, put down and payed tribute, dream restore Roman empire, ragained germanic land, costly, after death decline and territory lost, piublic works, Hagia Sophia,intervened with church affairs and tried to unfy emprie under 1 christian faith
- Theodora
- justinians wife, large influence on him, saved his carrer during Nika rebellion passed laws to help women, established hospitals and shelters for women and children, actress, ruled whil justianina had the plague
- Nika rebellion
- Hippodrome colors, fights, arrested 7 leaders 5 executed and 2 escaped , caught and said piut to death, revolt, justinian about to flee, Theodora saves day, Belasarrius puts down revolt, never challenged again
- General Belissarius
- poor and little skill, good fighter, head Byzantine army,
- Justinians code
- commision to codify empires roman laws, 10 scholars lead by Tribonian, Corpous of civil law, collection of old roman laws
- emperors
- gods representatives on earth, crowned by the patriarch of constantinople, defended christain fatih, defined style of worship, used church wealth for gov.
- clergy
- chruch officials such as priests and bishops
- laity
- church members who were not clercy, intensly interested inchurch affairs, religiouds discussions turned into political issues
- iconoclast controversy
- started with emperor LeeIII who saids icons encopuraged superstition and so he had them all removed, people siad that the bible prohibited it, symbols of gods presence in human affairs, Roman pope disagree excommunicated leo, John of Damascus, Council of Nicea approved icons, Empress irene approved so long as 2 dimen.
- schism of churhc
- Pope of rome said he was the supreme leader of the churhc, challenged control, Lombards invaded, Pope asked for help but patriarch refused, Franks helped, won, Pope made Pipin the Short empror. only patriarch allowed ot od that, excommunicated each other, schism
- theology
- religous teachings
- social system
- heiarchy, flexible and could change groups, family was the center, marriage was sacred, divorce was difficult,
- womens rights Byzantine
- somewhat secluded, Theodora helped, some were well educated and political influence, regents,
- Byzantine economy
- farming and working laborors, mahjor trade influence, Med. and Black seas, Golden Horn, Silk- stolen by 2 monks
- Byzantine Art
- icons, religious themes, saints and religious figures, churches- Hagia Sophia, mosaics, illuminated manuscrpits
- education
- University of Constantinople, government supported, religious schools, women not commonly accepted
- literatuer
- religous theme, salvation of the soul, books- lives of saints and moral lessons, copied writings of Greeks and Romans, spread classical knowledge
- Monasteries
- religious communities, helped poor, ran hospitals and spread art and learning
- monks/ nuns
- men/ women who sought to develop a spiritual life away from the temptations of life
- missionaries
- people who carried a religious message
- Cyril and Methodious
- developed cyrillic alphabet to dpread christianity to thye north and make it easier to adopt- slavic alphabet
- Declina nd fall of Byzantine
- attacks by germanic tribes, decline after justinians death, gremans took most of italy, Arabs- Islam was new religion and they wanted to spread it and get wealthy, then only greek territory,venice-help trading priveledges lost and weakened, Seljuck turks, $th crusadeLatin Christian state, Ottoman and Turks
- battle at Manzikert
- defeat of byzantines by Seljuck turks
- 4th Crusade
- Seljuck turks attack, Byzantine emperoro asks pope for help, send out people, attack and sack constantinopl, Pope Inoccent III, public condemed and excommunicated, then Latin christain state took over
- Siege of Constantinople
- defeat by Ottoman and Turks,lasted 6t weeks and then attacked by cannon
- Armenia
- part of Persian empire, northeast of Byzantine, King tiridates III, 1st official christian country, Battle of Avarair- succesful deafeat of persia, invaded by arabs the both turks, split b/w russia and Ottoman
- Georgia
- 2 kingdoms: Colchis and Iberia,under Roman rule, Silk Road, Christianity under Neno, attacked by Persia and Byzantine, goldern age under queen Tamara, turned into Russia
- Bulgaria
- Balkan pen. Russian empire, first state, King Simon I- peak, fell to Ottomons
- Serbia
- slavic, Balkan pen. Serbs- accepted east orthodox, formed a state, Stefan Duscan- emperor expanded rule, defeated by Otts at battle of Kosovo
- Slavs
- one of hte largest groups, borrowed culture of Byzantines, Russia- far norht and East , cmae from poland or famrers from black sea
- 3 main rivers (russia)
- Dnieper, Don, Volga
- steppes
- plains, forests, rivers, good soil, bad climate, no farmings, far inland, norht black sea
- west slavs
- lived in marshlands, fought germans, Roman Catholic religion and West European culture
- South Slavs
- Balkan Peninsula, influenced by Orthodox and Roman Catholic, contact with Byz., Bosinians- islamic
- East Slavs
- largest group, not warlike, Russians, Norht Black sea, villages of related fams, log homes, artisans- woodwork
- vikings
- helped protect slavs, set up government, from scandanavia,
- primary chronicle
- records of vikings, east slavic history,
- Rurick
- asked to be king of eastern slavs, established capital at Novgorod, area called Rus,
- Prince Oleg
- conquered kiev, new region Kieven Rus, ruled by Grand Prince
- kiev
- south, dnieper river trade route, on high bluff, mother of east slavice cities, raided Constantinople, attracted to wealth, treaties, sperated from West Europe when chruch split
- principalites
- areas ruled by princes, self- governemnt, tribute to Grnad prince, princes- admin. justice and defend frontiers
- boyars
- wealthy merchants and farmers who assist prince, represent free male citizens, power to accept and remove princes
- 3 institutions
- princely office, council, and assembly
- religion (russian)
- polythestic at first, nature dieties- Pernen and Great Mother, later East Orthodox
- Princess Olga
- 1st noble to accept Christian faith
- Vladmir
- adopted christianity, public baptism in dnieper river, cyrillic alphabet, established schools, churches and monestaries, warrioer and expander, captured islandasin poland
- Yarolslav
- encouraged learning and established 1st library, organized legal system, arranged marriages and alliances, after death split empire b/w sons and ther wer no sucession laws
- Decline of Kiev
- figthing b/w sons of Yaroslav, trafde interuppted by Latin Christian State, attacked by Mongols
- Mongols
- defeated and conquered by most of country, sacked towns and villages, heavy taxes, allowed christiatniyt so long as allegiance to them, isolated slavs, people moved to Novgorod
- Novgorod
- no mongols- river was swamp, attacks by swedes and germans
- Alexander Nevsky
- Battle of Neva River- defeated swedes, Battle of Ice- tuetonic knights
- Daniel
- ruler of Moscow, war and diplomatic marriagres
- metropolitain
- leader of the Orthodox church, transfered to Moscow
- Prince Ivan I
- money bags, helped stop attack agaisnt mongols, tax collector
- Battle of Kulikovo
- muscovit defeat of mongols
- Ivan III
- moscow refuse to pay taxes to mongols, Ivan the Great, bring many principalities under his rule, Moscow alone center of orthodox church title of tsar, 2 headed eagle symbol, soverign of Russia, stressed obedience to tsar