Bio 2 Ch. 45
Terms
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- sensory receptors
- structures that detect changes in the environment; made up of modified neutrons and cells, converts energy stimuli into changes in membrane potential which in turn transmits signals to the nervous system by four functions
- reception
- ability of a cell to absorb energy of the stimulus
- transduction
- actual conversion of stimulus energy into the receptor potential of a receptor cell
- amplification
- strengthening of stimulus energy that is otherwise too weak to be carried into the nervous system
- integration
- processing of information; signals integrate through summation of graded potentials; each signal interpreted varies by sensitivity
- mechanoreceptors
- stimulate by physical deformation caused by such stimuli as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, sound (forms of mechanical energy)
- stretching
- plasma membrane stretched increases permeability and depolarization (muscle spindle-stretch receptor)
- touch
- relies on modified denrites of sensory neurons, location close to the surface of the skin or in deep skin layer, helps define the magnitude of the touch
- motion
- ex. hair cell, hair that lines the skin helps detect motion when a force bends the hair, which in turn stretches the permeability of the cell
- the eye cup
- provides information about light intensity and direction w/o forming an image; when light hits the invertebrate, only one eye can feel the intensity, therefore telling the direction of the light
- rod cells
- sensitive to light, dont distinguish color, most animals have b/c nocturnal
- cone cells
- color/ minority has alot of this: humans, primates, fish
- fovea
- rods are found in the greatest density at the peripheral regions of the retina and are completely absent from the ______ the center of the visual field
- Cone colors
- red, green and blue!
- cochlea
- (snail) coiled organ involved in hearing; has two large fluid-filled chambers separated by the cochlear duct
- volume
- determined by the amplitude (height) of the soundwave
- pitch
- determined by frequency (# of vibrations per second)
- lateral line system
- a mechanoreceptor system of pores and receptor units along sides of the body of fish and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by the animal itself and other moving objects
- statocysts
- sensory organs of most invertebrates that contain mechanoreceptors and function in their sense of equilibrium
- Microfilaments
- contractile system; amoevoid movement or contraction of muscle cells
- hydrostatic skeleton
- consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body
- peristalisis
- a type of locomotion produced by rhythmic waves of muscle contractions passing from head to tail; used by earthworms and other annelids
- cross bridge
- the thick myosin filamentsare covered with myosin heads that bind to sites on the actin filaments, forming a ______, and pull the thin filament toward the sacromere. This decreases the overall length of the sacromere, which ultimately results in the contraction of muscles
- Microtubules
- contractile system; cilia and flagella