Psychology Exam 3-05-09
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- Williams Syndrome Physical Characteristics
- Social and outgoing Short stature Elfin: broad brow, flat nasal bridge, wide mouth with full lips
- Occipital Lobe
- Rear Visual Signals Feature perception -> then sent to parietal lobe Phantom limbs
- Ventral System
- Object recognition center, info sent from occipital lobe to temporal lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Top "Where?" Visual-spatial attention
- Phantom limbs
- Feeling of pain in amputated limbs The missing limb's place on the sensory cortex has been mapped onto another part of the brain
- Sensory Cortex
- Long band running from ear to ear
- Motor Cortex
- Long band running from ear to ear, in front of sensory cortex
- Limbic System
- Oldest part of brain Amygdala Hippocampus Thalamus Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Emotion
- Hippocampus
- Formation of new memories
- Beta Brain Waves
- 15-18 cps Active thinking
- SMR Brain Waves
- 12-15 cps Relaxed thought
- Alpha Brain Waves
- 8-12 cps Relaxed focus Sleep stage 1
- Theta Brain Waves
- 4-8 cps Drowsy
- Delta Brain Waves
- Less than 4 cps Sleep
- Sleep Stage 1
- Alpha waves Drowsy sleepiness Hypnic jerks Hypnogogic hallucinations (tetris effect) Loss of some muscle tone Loss of most consciuous awareness Only experienced as you're falling asleep
- Sleep Stage 2
- Sleep spindles K-complexes Less muscular activity
- Sleep Stage 3-4
- Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) Where sleepwalking occurs
- REM Sleep
- Dreaming "Paradoxical Sleep"
- REM Rebound
- If you're deprived of REM, the next time you sleep you'll enter REM quicker
- As we age, we spend _____ time in REM sleep
- Less
- One sleep cycle takes _____ minutes
- 90 minutes
- You spend more time in REM towards the ______ of the night
- End
- Night Terrors
- Sudden arousal from SWS followed by intense fear Young children Runs in family Associated with children that have a lot of micro-arousals in stage 2, frequent stage shifts, stress/excitement
- Change blindness
- When large changes in our visual world go unnoticed because we are not looking for them
- Visual Neglect
- People who are missing half their visual field (Lady who drew cat) Has to do with brain processes involved with attention, not with the eyes Caused by stroke Damage to right brain is more severe than damage to left brain
- Lesion in right hemisphere and instructed to smile...
- Can only smile on right side BUT they can spontaneously smile Doesn't effect spontaneous emotion
- Right Hemisphere
- Some perceptual and attention tasks Music Emotion processing "Big Picture" Symbols and images
- Left Hemisphere
- Logic Detail Oriented Facts Words, language Math and Science Order/Patterns Forms Strategies
- Orbitofrontal Syndrome
- Disinhibited, impulsive behavior Inappropriate jocular affect, euphoria Emotionally unstable Poor judgment, insight
- Filter model: Early Selection
- Only selected information is processed for meaning INCORRECT
- Filter Model: Late Selection
- All information is processed for meaning, filter is applied after recognition occurs, but only one item is selected for a response INCORRECT
- Cocktail Party Effect
- You notice your name being said, even if you're not paying attention to the conversation
- Message Switching
- Someone wearing headphones with different stories in each ear will switch which ear they're listening to if the story they're paying attention to switches ear
- Triesman's Attenuation Theory
- Messages are attenuated rather than filtered If we attend to something, we "turn up the volume" Unattended information is weakened, but the information is still available for further analysis NOT all-or-none, like the visual filter theories
- Subliminal Perception: Recognition without awareness (Experiment)
- A conditioned response for a group of people: giving them subliminal words with shocks when they hear a city name Skin conductance measured, and shocked people showed more reaction than previously non-shocked people
- Mere Exposure Effects
- Subliminal messages People will rate faces higher if they saw faces before subliminally
- Subliminal priming on product choice, hunger, quitting smoking _____ work
- does NOT
- Gray Matter
- Cell bodies (outside)
- White Matter
- Deeper axions (inside)
- Amnesia
- Example: Clive Wearing. Brain damage from Herpes Lost ability to form new memories Hippocampus damaged Anteria Grade Amnesat Can acquire skills, but doesn't remember learning them
- Anteria-Grade Amnseia
- Unable to form new memories
- Implicit Memory
- Type of memory amnesiacs have It is implied that you learned it, but you can't remember learning
- Amnesiacs do not have:
- Free Recall (can't say everything they studied on a list) Cued Recall ( given a cue, can't recall what was pared with it) Recognition (remember if they studied a specific thing at all)
- Indirect tests of Implicit Memories
- 1. If you tell an amnesic a fact, they'll forget it, but be better able to guess later 2. Show improvement when learning something, even if they don't remember learning 3. Jokes are only funny once
- Achromatopsia
- Inability to see colors
- False memories tend to be ____ cognitively complex
- More
- Critical Lure Paradigm
- Experiment: List with many words relaiting to needle (pin, thread, haystack, etc.) People will recall seeing "needle" on the list Right anterior frontal cortex lights up more if false memory (seen in FMR)
- Right anterior frontal cortex lights up more when you have a _____ memory
- False
- If people imagine something happening to themselves, they are more likely to _______
- Remember it as a real event
- Visual Agnosia
- Inability to tell what you're looking at
- Alexia
- Inability to recognize letters
- Feature Integration Model
- Letters and words People can confuse letter recognition depending on features of the letters (horizontal, vertical, diagonal, curves, etc.)
- Geons
- Recognizable parts of an object
- Top-Down Processing
- Anything in context is much easier to see Concept-driven
- Word Superiority effect
- You recognize letters better when they're in a word
- Bottom-Up Processing
- You see a bunch of things, and take all that information together to form something Data-Driven
- Backmasking
- In music Auditory stream flipped backwards and then reinserted into music Does not actually work
- Object Superiority
- Pieces of objects are more easily recognized when put into context
- Why observational/correlational research may be incorrect:
- Could be a reverse of the correlation you are seeing Could be a third variable
- Parasomnia
- Sleeptalking/Sleepwalking Stage 4
- 4 Non-Scientific Ways of Knowing
- 1. Personal Experience Small # Illusory correlations Biased perceptions False consensus 2. Common Sense 3. Authority Authority is only as good as knowledge base Slow at self-correction 4. Consensus Truth isn't always popular
- CHAT Screening
- Early Autism screening Dr. Cohen Has children point, pretend play
- M-CHAT
- Take-home questionnaire for parents to screen for autism in young children
- Parsimony
- refers to the idea that science evolves and the simplest explanation that can account for all know results survives.
- 4 Properties of science that differ from other ways of knowing
- 1. Evidence is objective 2. Self-correcting 3. Skepticism 4. Evolutionary, slow moving (except for paradigm shifts) since huge steps are hard to correct
- Jurors with _______ are less able to ignore irrelevant information
- Low Memory Capacity
- Cognitive Factors Affecting Jury Decision Making
- Attitude Cognitive Interpersonal Group Processes
- Roy Malfas discovered that...
- Eyewitness research Determined that eyewitnesses are not very dependable Procedural changes in the lineup (of photo) can create different choices
- Why do Juries believe eyewitness testimony
- They hear what the people say, they can picture it Whereas, probability data is much less grounded
- Hooks/Psychological Anchors
- The 3-4 salient issues that Jurors focus on when constructing a story If evidence does not fit into one of these categories, it is disregarded
- Working Memory Capacity
- High Capacity: can disregard irrelevant information. Know what you're looking for, and what's in between doesn't mess that up Low Capacity: latches on to whatever is present (Study of remembering 3 words with math problems in between)
- Probabilistic Reasoning
- Using probability data. Trying to figure out the likelihood that something happened Most people use Hueristics
- Representativeness
- How much something is like your prototype
- Availability
- How much something comes to mind (we think that there are more letters that start with "k" than have it as a third letter, but that is false. We can easily think of letters starting with "k")
- Anchoring
- The idea that you form an initial impression A juror has an initial idea of his/her decision Even with evidence otherwise, you can fail to adjust as much as you should have
- Axiom
- Larger samples more likely than smaller samples to approximate characteristics of population Reduced jury size can cause problems b/c less of a chance that a juror is a minority
- Availability Hueristic
- Familiarity: how many times you've heard of something Recency: recent airline crashes are seen as more of a threat Saliency: eyewitness "I am sure this happened" An eyewitness is tangible, unlike #s on a graph
- Because only about 2% of cases go to trial...
- Evidence could go either way High-risk Emotionally charged
- Extra-evidentary
- Things beyond pure evidence can effect the jury strongly
- Bright and Goodman-Delahaunty Study
- Gruesome descriptions are innaffecitive BUT gruesome pictures paired with gruesome descriptions are more likely to get convictions This combined with gruesome verbal information made conviction even MORE likely
- Mock Jury Study
- As you ask for more money, you'll get less than what you asked for People who ask for "substantial compensation" for their injuries (but don't give an estimate of what they wanted) got the most
- Williams Syndrome Cause
- Caused by deletion f 26 genes on long arm of chromesome 7
- Williams Syndrome Problems
- Cardiovascular disease Mild to moderate IQ deficits (40-100) Relatively intact language and facial processing Deficient visuospatial abilities Musical skills Hyperactive, distractable
- Split-Brain Patients
- Surgery to prevent seizures Word left of a dot is not seen, but can be drawn by left hand
- Central Sulcus
- Divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe
- Frontal Lobe
- Allows us to think, have working memory Where consciousness comes from
- Sylvian Fissure
- Seperates frontal lobes from temporal lobes
- EEG/ERP
- Sleep research Precise time functions (when) Doesn't tell where activity is taking place
- PET/fMRI
- Rely on some agent to show where brain is more active through blood flow Shows WHERE
- Skin Conductance
- Small changes in electrical conductivity of the skin
- Temporal Lobe
- Lower sides Language "What" system
- Thalamus
- Process and relay information to cerebral cortex Regulates sleep Arousal/Consciousness Tourette's Syndrome deep brain stimulation
- Hypothalamus
- Body temperature Hunger Thirst
- Propagnosia/Achromatopsia
- Inability to recognize faces
- Parallel Distributed Processing Model (Neural Network Model)
- Combines top-down and bottom-up processing Incorporates both facilitation and inhibition