History Semester 1 Vocab.
Terms
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- Hadith
- compiled oral saying of Muhammad prophet
- Sumerians
- polytheistic; afterlife; created cuneiform; legacies: cuneiform, astronomy, mathematics, # system, calendars
- Akbar
- chieft builder of Mughal empire, created strong central government
- Cuneiform
- earliest form of writing; came from latin word meaing "wedge"
- Abu Bakr
- Muh.'s father in law and early convert to Islam, first Caliph
- Sufis
- muslim mystics who sought communication w/ god thru med., fast, and other rituals
- Kingdom of Ghaha
- "land of gold", located in "fertile v", cont. gold-salt trade routes, soninke people
- Zheng He
- over sea adventurer, explored coats, Chinese admiral and diplomat, went on 7 expeditions showing strength of Chinese empire
- Pharisees
- Jews who observed written and oral (traditional) law; normal Jew who practice religion
- Mosque
- house of worship (masjid)
- Kingdom of Mali
- ?
- moses
- renewed God's covenant with Israelites, 10 command. named after
- Kublai Khan
- grandson of Genghis Khan and was tolerant
- synagogue
- place of worship for Jew
- Analects
- students wrote many of Confucius' sayings in these
- Vedas
- over 1,000 hymns gathered together, creation myth
- Jainism
- grew from Hindu traditions
- Genghis Khan
- brutal warfare, led mongols into southwest Asia 1216
- Quran
- Sacred text of Islam
- Bishop
- high church oddicials responsible for everyone in his diocese (com. of believers)
- Daoism
- teaches harmony with nature, NOT RUN BY GOV!
- Bedouins
- nomadic herders, moved thru desert to reach seasonal pasture lands for their camels, goats, and sheep
- Yahweh
- another word for god
- Matriarchal
- women in charge
- Augustine of Hippo
- great early Church scholar, Bishop of Hippo in North Africa, combined Christ. doctrine w/ Greco-Roman learning, philosophy of Plato
- Mohenjo-Daro
- most developed and advanced city in south Asia, discovered in 1920's
- Zoroastrianism
- judgement day?
- Safavid Empire
- often engaged in warfare, rel. played big role, Shiite muslims
- Hijra
- journey to Medina
- Domesticate
- tame for best human use
- Dogma
- teachings of the chirch
- Moksha
- ultimate goal of existence
- Legalism
- based on teachings of Hanfeizi--Shi Huangdi was a harsh Legalist ruler
- Persian Empire
- unified people; zoroaster; barter and money economy
- Talmud
- later text; written commenting on Torah
- Bhagavid-Gita
- literary work of Hindu beliefs
- Martyr
- people who suffer or die for their belief; ex.=Paul and Peter
- Mandate of Heaven
- the divine right to rule, directly from god to rule--***good gov.
- western wall
- wall used to prayer in Jerusalem
- Paleolithic
- old stone age, 2 mil B.C. to 10000 B.C.
- Mauryan Empire
- 321-185 B.C.
- Mongols
- 1200-1405 A.D. (****invaded China***)
- Janissaries
- elite force of the Ottoman army
- Messiah
- annointed king sent by god
- Harappa
- "twin city", discovered in 1920's
- Sundiata
- a sickly boy regarded as too weak to be a threat, founded Mali
- Peter
- est. Christ. in the city of Rome, 1st pope (ex. of a martyr
- Zealots
- radical Jews who opposed to roman rule
- Shah Abbas
- best known kind, revived glory of ancient Persia
- Babylonian captivity
- when Nebuchaahezarr destroyed great temple and forced many ppl into exile in Babylon
- Six Pillars of Faith
- belief in: god, angels, divine books, prophets, last judgement, and destiny
- Karma
- all action's of a person's life that affect his or her fate in the next life
- Jesus of Nazarteh
- died at age 33, born from virgin mary
- Nirvana
- final goal, union with universe and release from cycle of birth
- Monotheism
- belief in one God
- Sunna
- customs of the community (smaller comm.)
- Essenes
- holy, pious, ancient Jews/ascetics--believe in self denial (believe to make holier?)
- Atman
- essential self
- Swahili City-States
- east Afri. trading system
- Sunni
- majority of population (90% today), successor should be pious male Muslim from Muh's "tribe"
- apostles
- greek name meaning a person sent forth, 12 apostles of Jesus who went to Jeru. to spread message
- Maya
- 250-900 A.D., where city states flourished in the Yucatan
- Trinity
- 3 persons and one god; father, son and holy spirit
- Egypt
- writing=hieroglyphics; Nile-helped w/ farming, made soil fertile
- Confucius
- teaches proper ways to live, created Confusianism
- Confucianism
- philosophy, official belief of China (Han dynasty)
- Archbishop
- below the Bishop
- Umayyad
- dynasty run by Sunni's, extended rule by conquering
- Shah Jahan
- built taj-muhal
- Sapa Inca
- title means Incan emperor-self proclaimed, owned everything and everyone
- Jihad
- struggle in God's service
- Neolithic
- new stone age, 10000 B.C., end of pre-history
- covenant
- promise or agreement
- Five Pillars of Practice
- Shahada (there is...), Salat (praying), Zakat (giving), Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
- Asceticism
- strict self-denial
- Siddhartha Guatama (Buddha)
- teaches core beliefs of Buddha
- Pheonicians
- created alphabet; manufactured purple die and sea glass
- Clergy
- group of people who conduct Christian services (only men could be)
- Surah
- chapters in the Quran
- Umma
- com. of Muslims
- Artisans
- crafts persons, skilled, specialize in something
- New Testament
- written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
- Medina
- "city of the prophet"
- Incan Empire
- 1100 A.D.
- Timbuktu
- great trading city, learning center
- Ming Dynasty
- Confucian dynasty, civil service system, 1368-1644 A.D.
- prophet
- spiritual leader; ex/-Isaiah and Jeremiah
- Animisn
- spirits in animals, objects and dreams
- Aztec Empire-
- 1200 A.d.
- Patriarchal
- men in charge
- Hinduism
- "God is one but wise people know it by many names"
- Paul of Tarsus
- Jew from Asia Minor, most influ. role in spreading Christ., never saw Jesus, crucified Jesus, not a strong believer but spread Christ., had a dream with Jesus and joined faith
- Apocalyptic Thought
- last book of new test; found in book of revelations; idea regarded as prophetic
- Allah
- arabic word for god
- Hierarchy/Social stratification
- Level of classes---God-King-Merchant-Artisans-Farmers-Slaves
- baptism
- blessed with holy h2o and forgiven from all sins by grace of god
- Muhammad
- 40 yrs. old when began ministry (preaching), born 570 and died 632, merchant (trader), illiterate but would com. w/ ppl, "just like" everyone else
- Muslim
- Islamic person, follows Muhammad
- Mughal Empire
- 1526-1857
- Marco Polo
- 1254-1324, traveler and adventurer from Venice, served Kublai Khan for 7 years, wrote about wealth and splendor of China and travels of himself?
- Hammurabi's Code
- 1st laws to be codified (set in writing); civil and criminal; harsh-"eye for eye, life for life", -300 codes?
- Ashoka
- most honored Mauryan emperor, built hospitals and roads with "rest" houses
- Mecca
- market town, pilgrimage center, home town of Muhammad
- Sharia
- a body of law that includes interpretation of the Quran
- mesopotamia
- "between the rivers"
- Berbers
- large nomadic group of N. Afri. ppl
- Heresy
- religious belief
- Arabs
- people of Arab society in which women are active but were limited
- Yin and Yang
- conflicting universal thoughts, Yin=earth, female, darkness and Yang=Heaven, light, male
- Silk Road
- used for trade routes (networks), China to med. --4,000 miles
- Abrahham
- father of Israelite people
- Diaspora
- spearding of Jews to diff. parts of world b/c of Babylonian capacity
- Ottoman Empire
- empire run by the seljuk turks and a sultan (sunni), Suleiman the Mag.
- Torah
- used to record events and laws, **most sacred text; 5 books of Hebrew Bible
- Omar Khayyam
- Scholar, wrote the Rubaiyat
- Kaaba
- temple built by Abraham
- Ulama
- body of rel. leaders (Mullahs) trained in law and doctrine
- Caliph/Caliphate
- successor to Muhammad
- Sultan
- muslim ruler
- Polytheistic
- belief in more thatn one god
- Nomads
- people who move from place to place to find food (survive)
- Sadducees
- aristocratic preits, thought to be better than everyone else
- *Trans-Saharan trade
- trade system, ***GOLD AND SALT!********
- Abbasid
- dynasty lasting until 1258, ruled Baghdad from 750-1258, Islam became a more diverse rel. b/c discrim. against non-arab mus. ended
- Bantu Migrations
- west african people who spoke Bantu, farmers and herders, domesticated people
- Tamerlane
- late 13oo's, Mongol, Muslim, 1-led armies to middle east, 2-conq. Muslim and non-Mislim lands, 3-invaded Russia and India
- Shiite
- successor should be descendant of Ali and Fatima (Muh.'s daughter)
- Judaism
- religion based on Torah, Jewish people
- Brahman
- spiritual power (all powerful)
- Shah
- Safavid king
- Rabbi
- a leader of a specific synagogue